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淺議現(xiàn)代暖通空調(diào)設(shè)備安裝的施工問題與解決方案 On modern HVAC equipment installation construction problems and solutions 學(xué) 院： 建筑工程學(xué)院 專業(yè)班級(jí)： 建筑環(huán)境與設(shè)備工程1102級(jí) 學(xué)生姓名： 趙雪 指導(dǎo)教師： 蘭信穎 2015年 3 月 27 日 淺議現(xiàn)代暖通空調(diào)設(shè)備安裝的施工問題與解決方案 摘 要：暖通空調(diào)的應(yīng)用越來越廣泛，但其安裝施工過程卻較為復(fù)雜，施工的不確定性大，安裝中經(jīng)常會(huì)出現(xiàn)各種質(zhì)量問題。只有找到問題所在，對(duì)癥下藥，才能減少甚至避免問題的出現(xiàn)。 關(guān)鍵詞：暖通空調(diào) 施工 問題 解決方案 1 暖通空調(diào)安裝概述 　　現(xiàn)在，暖通空調(diào)是人們所使用空調(diào)中最常用的一種，暖通空調(diào)以其獨(dú)特的優(yōu)勢(shì)而獨(dú)占市場(chǎng)。其將采暖、通風(fēng)和空氣調(diào)節(jié)三大功能結(jié)合在一起，并以能創(chuàng)造一種比一般的空調(diào)更舒適的室內(nèi)環(huán)境而著稱。隨著科技的發(fā)展，家用空調(diào)器歷經(jīng)幾代發(fā)展終不能滿足人們?nèi)找嬖鲩L(zhǎng)的需要，不論是窗式空調(diào)器還是分體式家用空調(diào)器都只能解決冷暖問題而對(duì)空氣處理過程束手無策，而暖通空調(diào)卻以具有舒適、健康的特點(diǎn)逐漸得到人們的廣泛親睞。暖通空調(diào)施工是建筑施工中的一個(gè)重要分項(xiàng)，其的安裝施工是一個(gè)極為復(fù)雜的工程，其施工問題直接影響著整個(gè)工程的質(zhì)量和進(jìn)度。通常所說的暖通空調(diào)設(shè)計(jì)主要包括制冷供暖系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)、新風(fēng)系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)、排風(fēng)系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)等，其所涵蓋的范圍不僅僅是供暖這一個(gè)小范圍，所以暖通空調(diào)安裝工程的質(zhì)量直接影響到建筑物的使用性能，要嚴(yán)格控制施工過程，保證安裝質(zhì)量。 2 暖通空調(diào)工作原理 暖通空調(diào)工作原理就是制冷劑在制冷機(jī)組的蒸發(fā)器中與冷凍水進(jìn)行熱量的交換而汽化，從而使冷凍水的溫度降低，然后，被汽化的制冷劑在壓縮機(jī)作用下，變成高溫高壓氣體，流經(jīng)制冷機(jī)組的冷凝器時(shí)被來自冷卻塔的冷卻水冷卻，又從氣體變成了低溫低壓的液體，同時(shí)被降溫的冷凍水經(jīng)冷凍水水泵送到空氣處理單元的熱交換器中，與混風(fēng)進(jìn)行冷熱交換形成冷風(fēng)源，通過送風(fēng)管道送入被調(diào)房間。如此循環(huán)，在夏季，房間的熱量就被冷卻水所帶走，在流經(jīng)冷卻塔時(shí)釋放到空氣中。在此主要研究控制暖通空調(diào)系統(tǒng)的空氣處理部分，主要涉及供水系統(tǒng)和空氣處理單元。 常用的冷凍水(水為載冷劑)系統(tǒng)的冷凍水管道均為循環(huán)式系統(tǒng)，根據(jù)用戶的需求情況的不同，按水壓特性劃分，可分為閉式系統(tǒng)和開式系統(tǒng)兩種：按冷、熱水管道的設(shè)置方式劃分，可分為雙管制系統(tǒng)、三管制系統(tǒng)、四管制系統(tǒng)；各末端設(shè)備的水流程劃分，可分為同程式和異程式系統(tǒng)；按水量劃分，可分為定水量和變水量系統(tǒng)。變流量系統(tǒng)中的原則足的供、回水溫度保持不變，建筑物負(fù)荷變化時(shí)，通過改變供、回水的流量來適應(yīng)，該水系統(tǒng)輸送的水流量要與建筑物需求相適宜。隨著現(xiàn)代控制技術(shù)和電子技術(shù)的發(fā)展，自動(dòng)控制設(shè)備的造價(jià)不斷的下降，變流量系統(tǒng)可以使系統(tǒng)全年以定溫差、變流量的方式運(yùn)行，盡量節(jié)約冷凍水泵的能耗，使得其得以越來越廣泛的應(yīng)用。 在暖通空調(diào)空氣處理單元中，首先是新風(fēng)與部分回風(fēng)混合，形成混風(fēng)，混風(fēng)經(jīng)過熱交換器與冷凍水進(jìn)行熱交換形成送風(fēng)，在冬天，混風(fēng)吸收能量溫度提高，在夏天。混風(fēng)溫度降低，送風(fēng)在風(fēng)機(jī)的作用下經(jīng)過送風(fēng)管道進(jìn)入房間，與房間內(nèi)的空氣進(jìn)行熱量的傳遞，最終調(diào)節(jié)房間的溫度到達(dá)所需要的設(shè)定點(diǎn)。房間內(nèi)的氣體在排風(fēng)機(jī)的作用下被排出，形成回風(fēng)。部分的回風(fēng)排出室外，部分回風(fēng)與新風(fēng)混合重復(fù)上述過程?；祜L(fēng)和冷凍水的熱交換是在空氣處理單元的熱交換器中進(jìn)行的，熱交換器是暖通空調(diào)系統(tǒng)空氣處理單元中的重要部分，熱交換器的工況處于部分負(fù)荷下時(shí)，并非與設(shè)計(jì)工況相同，而實(shí)際使用過程中，熱交換器絕大多數(shù)時(shí)間是在非設(shè)計(jì)工況。 3 施工中的問題 通風(fēng)與空調(diào)工程是大型建筑物的重要工程，也是安裝工程的施工難點(diǎn)之一。結(jié)合暖通空調(diào)安裝的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，目前暖通空調(diào)中存在以下一些問題。 3.1管線標(biāo)高、定位交叉嚴(yán)重 　　暖通空調(diào)設(shè)備安裝是一個(gè)龐大的工程，其所涉及的管道非常復(fù)雜，用途也各不相同，例如一個(gè)完整的暖通空調(diào)設(shè)計(jì)中就要涵蓋對(duì)空調(diào)末端設(shè)備、送風(fēng)管、排風(fēng)管、冷凍水管、電氣橋架、冷凝水管、噴淋管、消防管等各種設(shè)備、管道的設(shè)計(jì)。如果對(duì)某些功能和尺寸的管道布局、規(guī)劃不合理，就會(huì)出現(xiàn)管線標(biāo)高、定位交叉嚴(yán)重的現(xiàn)象，給工程施工和管理帶來極大的困難。通常，在圖紙表意不明的情況下，貿(mào)然施工會(huì)造成先安裝的施工管道容易安裝，后安裝的施工困難等問題，這樣，有些管道就被迫安裝在不合理的位置或標(biāo)高上，嚴(yán)重影響工程質(zhì)量和進(jìn)度。 3.2 暖通空調(diào)系統(tǒng)設(shè)備噪聲超標(biāo) 　　通常，設(shè)備噪音主要來源于空調(diào)末端設(shè)備碰撞，其也是暖通空調(diào)設(shè)備安裝中的一個(gè)重要問題。經(jīng)過幾十年的發(fā)展，我國(guó)的風(fēng)機(jī)盤管技術(shù)相對(duì)成熟，大多數(shù)風(fēng)機(jī)盤管廠商所生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品都能符合噪音標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。但是，實(shí)際情況卻不容樂觀，廠家所提供的參數(shù)值明顯高于現(xiàn)場(chǎng)測(cè)試值和噪音標(biāo)準(zhǔn)值。所以，布局設(shè)計(jì)是對(duì)設(shè)備噪音控制的重點(diǎn)，必要時(shí)應(yīng)采取適當(dāng)?shù)母粢舸胧?。設(shè)計(jì)中必須標(biāo)出設(shè)備噪音參數(shù)要求?？照{(diào)設(shè)備安裝之前需做仔細(xì)的檢查甚至是通電試運(yùn)行，若發(fā)現(xiàn)噪音超過國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)需立即更換或完善消聲措施，以避免問題擴(kuò)大。 3.3 空調(diào)水循環(huán)故障 　　空調(diào)若水系統(tǒng)出現(xiàn)故障，就無法完成供暖通風(fēng)的任務(wù)，所以，保證水系統(tǒng)循環(huán)通暢是暖通空調(diào)設(shè)備安裝考慮的重點(diǎn)問題，其施工的質(zhì)量直接影響著整個(gè)系統(tǒng)的運(yùn)行狀況。在水系統(tǒng)循環(huán)中，冷凍水系統(tǒng)循環(huán)管道不通暢是其最常見的問題。造成這一故障主要有兩方面原因，管道交叉是一方面原因，水系統(tǒng)管道不清潔又是另一方面原因，而這兩方面的問題都可以通過采取相應(yīng)的措施而改善。例如可以通過合理安排管線坡度和標(biāo)高、安裝排氣閥、排污閥以及設(shè)法進(jìn)行管道除銹工作而改善水循環(huán)故障，這些方法可以很大程度的減輕這一故障，所以在實(shí)際中有很強(qiáng)的操作意義。 3.4 結(jié)露滴水問題 空調(diào)系統(tǒng)在調(diào)試和運(yùn)行中會(huì)出現(xiàn)結(jié)露滴水的現(xiàn)象，出現(xiàn)這一問題的原因是多方多面的。例如，管道安裝和保溫不良、管道與管件、管道與設(shè)備之間接觸不嚴(yán)密、管道安裝違法操作規(guī)程等都可能造成這一問題。管道、關(guān)鍵材料的優(yōu)劣直接影響著安裝的質(zhì)量，所以在管材安裝之前進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)認(rèn)真的檢查是有必要的。水壓測(cè)試可以幫助檢查管道的滴漏等問題，所以對(duì)系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行嚴(yán)格的水壓測(cè)試也是非常有意義的。在設(shè)計(jì)管道時(shí)，管道的長(zhǎng)度和坡度都應(yīng)適宜，否則會(huì)出現(xiàn)滴水現(xiàn)象。管道的安裝和布置要適合冷凝水的盡快排出，必要時(shí)可以設(shè)置水封裝置。 4 安裝問題解決方案 暖通空調(diào)設(shè)備安裝的施工問題通常為以上所提到的四個(gè)方面，當(dāng)然在安裝過程中經(jīng)常還會(huì)出現(xiàn)各種復(fù)雜問題。下面就常見問題提出幾點(diǎn)解決方案： 4.1 嚴(yán)格控制材料質(zhì)量 　　材料的采購(gòu)受多方面的限制，比如工程造價(jià)、材料屬性、施工難度等各個(gè)方面的影響，在選擇的過程中需各方面權(quán)衡，達(dá)到質(zhì)量和效益的最優(yōu)。根據(jù)我國(guó)暖通空調(diào)方面材料采購(gòu)的現(xiàn)狀，現(xiàn)在市場(chǎng)上的材料質(zhì)量參差不齊，以假亂真、以次充好的現(xiàn)象非常普遍，所以在材料設(shè)備的選購(gòu)中應(yīng)嚴(yán)格篩選，并且不能偷工減料，否則將會(huì)造成工程返工而不能如期完工或者質(zhì)量水平嚴(yán)重下降。 4.2 嚴(yán)格控制施工過程 　　施工過程中管道支架的位置、標(biāo)高、坡度都必須符合設(shè)計(jì)要求。在施工過程中，要保證坡度在準(zhǔn)確的范圍內(nèi)，可以調(diào)整供暖干管或者填補(bǔ)管道漏洞空隙，此外應(yīng)減小位置、標(biāo)高和設(shè)計(jì)值的偏差。在施工中應(yīng)盡量考慮各方面影響因素，嚴(yán)格按照章程和規(guī)范執(zhí)行，并采用相關(guān)的工藝，遵循一定的原則，避免管道交叉嚴(yán)重、阻塞、結(jié)露漏水等問題。做好施工中的控制監(jiān)督工作，減少錯(cuò)誤出現(xiàn)的幾率。 4.3 加強(qiáng)各專業(yè)間的配合 　　建筑施工是眾多專業(yè)之間相互配合完成的，暖通空調(diào)設(shè)備施工也是如此。工藝對(duì)土建就有很強(qiáng)的要求，例如，在土建中需預(yù)留通風(fēng)管道的孔洞；在風(fēng)道豎井砌磚時(shí)應(yīng)該采用水泥砂抹面；為排水方便應(yīng)設(shè)排水溝或集水坑和排水泵等裝置。諸如這些問題需在設(shè)計(jì)初期就盡量相互溝通，在施工前和施工圖紙會(huì)審階段就提出相應(yīng)的預(yù)防措施。 總結(jié) 　　暖通空調(diào)設(shè)備安裝的施工是一項(xiàng)復(fù)雜而且細(xì)致的工作，本文從其概念出發(fā)，簡(jiǎn)單的闡述了目前施工中的不足之處，并提出了幾項(xiàng)行之有效的措施，為工程施工工作的順利進(jìn)行提供了有效的依據(jù)。 參考文獻(xiàn) [1]戴磊磊.淺談中央空調(diào)系統(tǒng)安裝工程中噪聲的控制措施[J].中國(guó)科技信息，2005. [2]羅高山，高子惠.空調(diào)系統(tǒng)結(jié)露滴水原因分析及解決辦法[J].安裝，2002. [3]孟華強(qiáng).中央空調(diào)安裝施工中存在的問題及處理［J］.廣東科技，2007（6） [4]劉西平.談建筑物的管線綜合設(shè)計(jì)［J］.山西建筑，2005（3）程，2009（5）. [5]楊榮宗.暖通空調(diào)安裝施工過程中的問題分析［J］.建筑與裝飾，2009（9）. On modern HVAC equipment installation construction problems and solutions Abstract: HVAC is widely applied, but the installation and construction process is more complex, the construction of the large uncertainty, the installation of various quality problems often occur. Only to find the problem and prescribe a solution to reduce or even avoid the problem appear. Keywords: HVAC Construction Solutions To Problems 1 HVAC Installation Overview Now, the HVAC people are using the most commonly used air-conditioning, HVAC its unique advantage and monopolize the market. It will be heating, ventilation and air conditioning combination of three functions, and to be able to create a more comfortable than the average air-conditioned indoor environment is known. With the development of technology, home air conditioner does not end after several generations of development to meet the growing needs of the people, whether split or window air conditioner home air conditioner can only be resolved heating and cooling problems of the air-handling process helpless, and HVAC, but to a comfortable, healthy characteristics gradually widespread pro-gaze. HVAC construction is the construction of a major breakdown, its installation and construction is an extremely complex project, the construction issues directly affecting the entire project quality and progress. HVAC design known as the main heating system design, including refrigeration, air system design, ventilation system design, its scope not only This is a small range of heating, so the quality of HVAC installation work directly affects the buildings performance, we must strictly control the construction process to ensure the quality of the installation. 3 Construction Of The Problem Ventilation and air conditioning project is an important large-scale building projects is the construction of installation of one of the difficulties. Experience with HVAC installation, HVAC currently exist the following problems. 3.1 Pipeline Elevation, Location Cross-Serious HVAC equipment installation is a huge project, as they relate to pipelines is very complex, use is also different, such as a complete HVAC design should cover the end of the air-conditioning equipment, air supply pipe, exhaust pipe, frozen water pipes, electrical bridge, condensate pipe, sprinkler pipe, fire control and other equipment, piping design, if certain features and size of piping layout, poor planning, there will be pipeline elevation, cross-orientation serious phenomenon, construction and management to create great difficulties, usually in the ideographic drawings of unknown circumstances, the rush of construction will result in the construction of pipelines to install easy to install, after installation of the construction difficulties and other issues, so that some channels forced to install in an unreasonable position or elevation, and seriously affect the project quality and progress. 3.2 HVAC System Equipment Exceeded Noise Typically, air-conditioning equipment, terminal equipment, the noise comes mainly from the collision, which is installed in the HVAC equipment is an important issue. After decades of development, Chinas fan coil technology is relatively mature, and most of the fan coil products manufacturers could meet the noise standards, but the actual situation is not optimistic, the parameter values ??provided by manufacturers were significantly higher than on-site test values ??and noise values, so the layout design is the focus of noise control equipment, as necessary, take appropriate sound insulation measures designed equipment must be marked on the noise parameters. air conditioning equipment installation to be done carefully checked before and even power test run, if the noise is found to exceed the national standards need to be replaced immediately or the perfect muffler measures to avoid problems to expand. 3.3 Water Cycle Air-Conditioning Failure Air Flow system failure, you can not complete the task of heating, ventilation, so the circulating water system to ensure smooth installation of HVAC equipment is to consider key issues, which directly affects the quality of the construction of the operational status of the entire system in the water circulation system , the chilled water loop piping system is not clear is the most common problem, resulting in the failure there are two main reasons, the pipeline crossing is one reason, dirty water system piping is the other reason, while these two areas problems can take the appropriate measures to improve such reasonable arrangements for the pipeline through the slope and elevation, installation of exhaust valve, drain valve and try to make pipes rust work to improve water circulation failure, these methods can reduce the large degree of failure, so in practice has a strong operational meaning. 3.4 Condensation Dripping Problem Air-conditioning system commissioning and operation will be condensation drippingphenomenon occurs because the problem is multi-multi-faceted. For example, pipeline installation and poor insulation, pipe and pipe fittings, pipes and equipment between the contacts do not close, pipe installation procedures so may result in the illegal problem. Pipes, key materials will directly affect the quality of installation, so before installing the pipe system is necessary to carefully check the water pressure test can help detect problems such as leaking pipes, so rigorously on the system pressure test is very meaningful in the design pipeline, pipeline length and slope should be suitable, there would be dripping phenomenon. piping installation and layout should be suitable for discharge of condensed water as soon as possible, when necessary, set the seal device. 4 Installation Solutions To Problems HVAC equipment installation works for the above mentioned problems are usually four, of course, during the installation process there will be a variety of often complex problems. Heres a few solutions for common issues: 4.1 Strict Quality Control Materials Procurement of materials by various constraints, such as project cost, material properties, the difficulty of construction and other aspects of the impact of the selection process need to weigh all aspects, to achieve optimal quality and efficiency, according to material procurement in Chinas HVAC the status quo, the material on the market of varying quality, real ones, shoddy is widespread, so the purchase of materials and equipment should be carefully screened, and can not cut corners, otherwise it will result in project rework and can not be completed on schedule or a serious decline in the level of quality. 4.2 Strictly Control The Construction Process Pipeline construction process, the stent position, elevation, slope must meet the design requirements in the construction process, to ensure the accuracy of the slope range, you can adjust the heating to fill the pipe trunk or vulnerability gap, should also be reduced position, elevation and design values ??of the deviation in the construction should take into account various factors, in strict accordance with regulations and standards implementation, and use the relevant technology, to follow certain principles, to avoid a serious pipeline crossing, blocking, condensation leaks and other problems. do supervision of construction work in the control, reduce errors likely to occur. 4.3 To Strengthen The Cooperation Between The Various Professional Construction is one of many professionals with the completion of each other, HVAC equipment construction as well. Process there is a strong demand for construction, for example, be set aside in the construction of the ventilation pipe holes in the duct when the brick shaft cement sand plaster should be used, should be set to facilitate drainage and drain drains or sump pumps and other devices. as early in the design of these issues need to communicate with each other as much as possible in the pre-construction and construction drawings Mixed stages of the corresponding preventive measures. Summary HVAC equipment installation construction is a complex and painstaking work, the paper from its concept, simple exposition of the current inadequacies of construction, and made a number of effective measures for construction work smoothly to provide an effective basis. References: [1] Dai Leilei. On installation of central air conditioning system of noise control measures [J]. China Science and Technology Information, 2005. [2] Luo mountains, high child benefit. Condensation dripping air-conditioning systems cause analysis and solutions [J]. Installation, 2002. [3] Meng Huaqiang the central air conditioning installation and construction problems and treatment [J]. Guangdong Science and Technology, 2007 (6 [4] Liu Xiping. Talk about building pipelines integrated design [J]. Shanxi Architecture, 2005 (3-way, 2009 (5. [5] Rong-Tszong Yang. HVAC installation and construction process of problem analysis [J]. Building & Decoration, 2009 (9