2618 顎式破碎機的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計,顎式破碎機,結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計 畢業(yè)實習報告學校：河南理工大學萬方科技學院專業(yè)：08 機制 3 班姓名：沈金濤學號：0828070170 一、畢業(yè)實習目的畢業(yè)實習是學生在校結(jié)束了全部理論課程和實踐教學環(huán)節(jié)以后所進行的一個大型綜合性實踐教學環(huán)節(jié)。其目的在于對學生進行理論聯(lián)系實際的全面的工程技術(shù)訓練,并根據(jù)設(shè)計題目要求搜集必要的設(shè)計資料,解決本專業(yè)范圍內(nèi)的工程技術(shù)問題,培養(yǎng)學生綜合應(yīng)用所學理論和實踐知識的能力,培養(yǎng)與工人相結(jié)合,與生產(chǎn)相結(jié)合,向?qū)嵺`學習、理論聯(lián)系實際、科學嚴謹?shù)墓ぷ髯黠L。通過實習使學生學會如何進行技術(shù)調(diào)查研究、擬定設(shè)計方案、技術(shù)設(shè)計經(jīng)濟分析。通過畢業(yè)實習,收集相關(guān)的資料,為畢業(yè)設(shè)計做好準備。保證畢業(yè)設(shè)計的順利完成。二、 畢業(yè)實習要求1、明確實習任務(wù),認真學習實習大綱,提高對實習的認識,做好思想準備。2、認真完成實習內(nèi)容,按規(guī)定記實習筆記,撰寫實習報告,收集相關(guān)資料。3、虛心向技術(shù)人員學習,尊重知識,尊重他人,甘當小學生。及時整理實習報告等。不斷提高分析問題、解決問題的能力。4、自覺遵守學校、實習單位的有關(guān)規(guī)章制度,服從實習教師的指導,培養(yǎng)良好的風氣。5、實習結(jié)束后,應(yīng)在規(guī)定時間內(nèi)交齊實習筆記、實習報告等。三、畢業(yè)實習地點1、中國濟南國際會展中心2、肥城礦務(wù)局機械廠四、畢業(yè)實習內(nèi)容(一) 中國濟南國際會展中心《機床展覽會》參觀實習本著加深對專業(yè)知識的理解,擴大知識面、認清專業(yè)發(fā)展方向,了解當前中國機械工業(yè)發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀的目的,我們到濟南國際機械展覽會,參觀了機床設(shè)備及工藝裝備。我們借助于機床展覽會的特點,了解到了當前先進機床的技術(shù)、機床的發(fā)展方向、當代制造技術(shù)發(fā)展的新水平。從多方面了解不同的金屬切削機床、組合機床、電加工及特種加工機床、數(shù)控機床、加工中心等加工設(shè)備的結(jié)構(gòu)、組成。專用機床與鍛壓機械、折彎機械、相關(guān)加工設(shè)備等;機床新型配套件、機床元部件、附件及輔助設(shè)備;量具量儀、刀具、工件夾裝置、磨料磨具; 快速成型技術(shù)及設(shè)備,檢查、測量和試驗設(shè)備、激光等;各類模具、模具材料、模具標準件、模具檢測設(shè)備及模具加工設(shè)備;控制系統(tǒng) (NCC、DNC、PLC)及柔性加工系統(tǒng)(FMC 、FMS);機械制造新工藝、新材料、新技術(shù)、新裝備。通過展覽廠家的設(shè)備演示了解相關(guān)零件的加工工藝流程并收集了相關(guān)資料。通過聽取機床展覽會開展的學術(shù)交流會了解機械行業(yè)的研究方向和發(fā)展趨勢開闊眼界。在展覽會上我們了解了國內(nèi)外許多知名廠商:浙江于環(huán)航空器材,上海歐地系機電、機寧海博卡特切割焊接、廈門西霸士、安良科技、正翔機械、華興數(shù)控、山大液壓、國鋒塑機、美國邦納傳感器、榮泰電爐、遠達鋸業(yè)、金豐達實業(yè)、濟南一機、浙江恒力機械、河南超硬刀具、廣泰數(shù)控、天津華實工程、魯南機床等企業(yè)生產(chǎn)的各類數(shù)控加工設(shè)備,測量儀器,工具和量具看到了很多先進的機械制造設(shè)備和先進的加工工藝裝備。數(shù)控機床、加工中心是展會的一大主題:1.廣泰數(shù)孔展出的 RET-150iM 銑削加工中心數(shù)控系統(tǒng),該機床的功能非常強大,數(shù)孔系統(tǒng)的功能特征:(1)直線、圓弧、螺旋線插補;鉆孔、鏜孔、攻絲等多種固定循環(huán)加工宏指令;全屏幕編輯系統(tǒng),前后臺操作,可實現(xiàn)加工過程中可同時進行編程、參數(shù)修改等操作;加工前,二維和三維圖形預(yù)覽及仿真運行; 加工過程中,坐標顯示、二維和三維圖形顯示任意切換,且圖形可任意放大、縮小、平移和旋轉(zhuǎn);加工過程中,單段與連續(xù)隨意切換; 任意程序段開始加工,任意刀具號開始加工;主軸、進給速度實時修調(diào); 實時全方位自診斷功能,實時顯示系統(tǒng)各種狀態(tài),可實現(xiàn)多級密碼保護,如程序、參數(shù)保護,方便現(xiàn)場設(shè)備管理,分進給、轉(zhuǎn)進給,公制、英制輸入方式,機床回基準點,各軸獨立自動背隙及存儲型螺距誤差補償。刀具長度自動補償,刀具半徑補償自動內(nèi)、外尖角過渡,各軸最大速度、升降速獨立設(shè)置,比例縮放,坐標系旋轉(zhuǎn),鏡像功能,編程單位公英制切換功能,輔助軸角度、位移編程設(shè)置,多組坐標系設(shè)定,最大行程軟、硬限位功能,豐富的刀具管理功能:99 把刀具(每把刀具 4 個刀沿)的管理能力;多達99 組刀具壽命管理組的功能,可控制多種刀庫,適應(yīng)不同類型機床。(2)中英文界面切換,顯示當前時間,開機時間,單件時間,加工時間等信息,各種插補指令功能及 M、S、T 功能等。兼容國外主流數(shù)控系統(tǒng)指令代碼,多數(shù)程序無需修改可直接運行,USB 可移動 U 盤拷貝接口,并可實現(xiàn) U 盤 DNC 功能,實現(xiàn)外接海量存貯器;RS232 通訊接口傳輸速率達115200bit,用于程序參數(shù)的傳送和 RS232DNC 功能,程序預(yù)處理功能,可實現(xiàn)程序段(行) 之間平滑無縫連接,特別適用于模具加工和雕銑設(shè)備,系統(tǒng)內(nèi)置 PLC 功能,并可在線編輯。(3)結(jié)構(gòu)特點:高性能 32 位嵌入式工業(yè)級微處理器,32MB 用戶存儲空間,8.4 英寸真彩色/7.5 英寸單色液晶顯示器,工業(yè)級 DSP、FPG 組成運動控制核心,內(nèi)置 I/O 數(shù)為118X46 的 PLC 功能,雙路模擬量輸出接口 ,RS232 接口、USB 接口面板前置,波段開關(guān)、手脈(面板式、手持式)接口。2.TH5680B 立式加工中心機床性能:該機床是較大型單柱立式加工中心,數(shù)控系統(tǒng)采用德國 SIENS840D 系統(tǒng),XYZ 三坐標光柵尺均為德國海德漢原裝進口,定位準確、穩(wěn)定,三坐標重復(fù)定位精度均小于 0.013mm。在一次裝夾中能夠自動連續(xù)完成銑、鉆、擴、鉸、鏜、攻絲及兩維、三維曲面、斜面的精確加工。適用于單件和中、小批量生產(chǎn),可節(jié)省工裝、縮短生產(chǎn)周期、保證質(zhì)量、提高生產(chǎn)效率。是箱體、殼體、模具、盤類等復(fù)雜零件的現(xiàn)代化理想加工設(shè)備。主要技術(shù)參數(shù):工作臺面積 800 ×1950 mm 工作臺承重 3000 kg 工作臺 T 型槽寬 ×個數(shù) 22H8 mm ×5 行程:X 工作臺左右移動 2100 mmY 滑座前后移動 800 mmZ 主軸上下移動 850 mm 刀庫容量 32 把最大刀具直徑/ 長度 φ125/349 mm(相鄰空位 φ190 mm)換刀時間 (刀- 刀) 3 S 重復(fù)定位精度 X 0.013 mmY 0.010 mmZ 0.012 mm3.TH65125×125B/3 臥式加工中心機床性能:該機床是引進德國制造技術(shù)生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品。數(shù)控系統(tǒng)采用德國 SIENS 公司 840D 系統(tǒng)。B 座標采用進口圓光柵測量、閉環(huán)控制、分度精度高、運行可靠;X 、Y、Z 三坐標配光柵尺直接測量,實現(xiàn)閉環(huán)控制;光柵尺均采用德國海登漢產(chǎn)品。該機床應(yīng)用廣泛,最適于復(fù)雜箱體多工作面的銑、鉆、鏜、鉸、攻絲、二維、三維曲面等多種工序加工,具有在一次裝夾中完成箱體孔系和平面多工序精確加工的良好性能,非常適合于箱體孔的調(diào)頭鏜削加工。機床配有雙交換工作臺,加工效率更高。主要技術(shù)參數(shù):工作臺尺寸 1250×1250mm 最大載荷 3000kg 工作臺數(shù)量 2 工作臺 T 型槽 22×7 工作臺最大行程 X2000mm 主軸箱最大行程 Y1200mm 立柱最大行程 Z1200mm 主軸行程 W500mm 工作臺回轉(zhuǎn) B360 °/0.001°刀庫容量 60 把刀具最大重量 25kg 刀具最大長度 400mm 刀具最大直徑 125mm (相鄰刀套空位 250mm)換刀時間 9S4.TKP6513B 數(shù)控刨臺臥式銑鏜床機床性能:該機床為數(shù)控刨臺臥式銑鏜床,六軸數(shù)控,任意三軸聯(lián)動,具備粗、精加工能力。回轉(zhuǎn)工作臺可任意位置精確定位,可進行四面加工,高精度調(diào)頭鏜加工。主傳動系統(tǒng)采用調(diào)速電機與兩級機械變速相結(jié)合,軸承采用轉(zhuǎn)速高、剛性好、精度高的進口軸承。機床的 X、Y 、Z、三個運動導軌均采用貼塑滑動導軌與滾動導軌相結(jié)合的復(fù)合式導軌。B 坐標采用貼塑滑動導軌與滾動導軌相結(jié)合的復(fù)合式導軌,并采用雙小齒輪消隙機構(gòu),保證工作臺高的回轉(zhuǎn)精度。主要技術(shù)參數(shù):鏜軸直徑130mm,鏜軸錐孔 ISO 50#(7:24),主軸轉(zhuǎn)速(無級)2-1000 r/min,主軸最大扭矩 1800N.m,工作臺橫向行程(X 軸)2500mm,主軸箱垂直行程( Y 軸)1600mm,立柱行程( Z 軸)1000mm, 工作臺回轉(zhuǎn)( B 軸)360°,鏜軸行程( W 軸)900mm,最大鏜孔/鉆孔 450/60mm,平旋盤最大加工直徑1000mm。5.UBE-1000-2112 熱處理自動生產(chǎn)線生產(chǎn)線描述:該密封箱式多用爐是目前世界熱處理工業(yè)主要爐型之一,以其零件熱處理環(huán)境密封、氣氛易于實現(xiàn)精確控制、工藝靈活可變、產(chǎn)品適應(yīng)性好而著稱。主要用于多種金屬工件在可控氣氛下的氣體滲碳、碳氮共滲,在保護氣氛下的光亮淬火、簡易正火、退火等熱處理工藝,同時能夠進行高、中、低溫回火,清洗等處理。適用于中、小批量生產(chǎn),是齒輪、軸類等重要零件的現(xiàn)代理想的熱處理自動化生產(chǎn)線。主要技術(shù)參數(shù):1、密封箱式滴注式可控氣氛氣體滲碳氮化爐爐膛尺寸(長×寬×高) 1200×760×800mm 最大處理能力 (包括料盤等工裝 ) 1000kg 最高使用溫度 950℃正常使用溫度 800~930℃爐溫均勻性 ≤±5℃工件表面硬度偏差 同爐工件≤±1.5HRC 同一工件≤±1 HRC 氣氛類型 滴注式氣氛 甲醇滴注 丙烷富化 2、箱式回火爐爐膛尺寸(長×寬×高) 1200×760×800mm 最大處理能力 (包括料盤等工裝 )1000kg3、清洗機爐膛尺寸(長×寬×高) 1200×760×800mm(最大處理能力 1000kg處理時間 ≤40 分鐘/爐 6.XKZ2320/6 數(shù)控定梁龍門鏜銑床機床性能:本機床為數(shù)控定梁龍門鏜銑床,剛性好,上下工件操作方便,配置德國西門子 840D 數(shù)控系統(tǒng),四軸控制,三軸聯(lián)動,配置先進的自動萬能銑頭,由于萬能銑頭能自動分度和自動立臥轉(zhuǎn)換,可一次裝夾工件進行五面體和多種空間方向的銑、鏜、鉆、攻等工序加工,自動化程度高,廣泛適用于各機械制造領(lǐng)域,特別是航空航天、汽車、模具等制造領(lǐng)域。主要技術(shù)參數(shù):工作臺面積(寬×長)2000mm ×6000mm 龍門寬度2600mm 工作臺縱向行程即 X 向 6000mm T 型槽數(shù) 9 條滑枕橫向行程即 Y 向 2600mm 主軸轉(zhuǎn)速 10-2500rpm 滑枕縱向行程即 Z 向1250mm,工作臺進給范圍 X 向 10-4000mm/min,滑枕進給范圍 Y、Z向 10-4000mm/min,X、 Y、Z 三向快速移動速度 8000 mm/min。7.YC31125E 滾齒機簡介機床性能:本機床按連續(xù)分度法的原理工作,一般能滾切圓柱直齒輪、圓柱斜齒輪、鏈輪和蝸輪。機床結(jié)構(gòu)剛性強。更適合于淬硬齒面的齒輪滾切,可以代替半精磨齒和精磨齒。機床滾切圓柱齒輪時,采用逆銑法,順銑法均可。滾切渦輪用手動徑向進給法加工。本機床還具有機動徑向進給及機動切向進給特殊性能。主要技術(shù)參數(shù):最大工件直徑(無后立柱/ 有后立柱)1250/1000(mm)最大模數(shù) 12 mm 最大裝刀直徑×長度 235×250 mm 刀具轉(zhuǎn)速/級數(shù) 22-184/7 rpm 刀具回轉(zhuǎn)中心至工作臺面距離 200-700 mm 刀架最大回轉(zhuǎn)角度 ±60o 外支架端面至工作臺面距離 510-900mm 工作臺最高轉(zhuǎn)速 5 rpm 刀具回轉(zhuǎn)中心至工作臺面中心最小距離 100 mm8.YK7163 數(shù)控磨齒機本機床主要用于磨削漸開線圓柱齒輪。采用展成——分度原理磨削漸開線齒形,用一個錐形砂輪按齒條和齒輪嚙合原理生成漸開線齒廓。機床的主運動展成,分度進給均采 C 控制。采用專用數(shù)控系統(tǒng)實現(xiàn)參數(shù)編程,編程和操作極為方便靈活 C 系統(tǒng)具有環(huán)控制功能,有利于提高工作精度,工作精度可達 5 級1GB10095-88。采用交流伺服電機驅(qū)動。砂輪的沖程運動采用變頻無級調(diào)速裝置。砂輪修整器可滿足各種修形齒輪的要求。主要技術(shù)參數(shù):加工直徑 φ50(根圓 rot)~φ630mm( 頂圓 tip)工件齒數(shù)不限工件模數(shù)(法向單面磨削) 2-12mm 最大齒寬(直齒輪 ) 215mm 最大螺旋角 ±45o 頭尾架頂尖距 570mm 砂輪轉(zhuǎn)速、磨削 1730rpm 砂輪規(guī)格 φ349×127×16-32mm9.K7740J 電火花現(xiàn)線切割機床該機床是利用電極絲和高頻電源作為工具,在控制機控制下,按預(yù)定軌跡對工件進行切割加工。機床剛性較好、切削力小、運動平穩(wěn)、操作安全可靠。使用直徑為 φ0.18mm 鉬絲。本機床適合加工高韌性的導電金屬模具,樣板及形狀復(fù)雜的零件。廣泛應(yīng)用于電子儀器、家電電器、精密機械、輕工、軍工等部門。機床可進行小錐度切割。設(shè)有運絲電機超程、過流、斷絲保護裝置。10.工業(yè)機器人的介紹機器人電動伺服驅(qū)動系統(tǒng)是利用各種電動機產(chǎn)生的力矩和力,直接或間接地驅(qū)動機器人本體以獲得機器人的各種運動的執(zhí)行機構(gòu)。對工業(yè)機器人關(guān)節(jié)驅(qū)動的電動機,要求有最大功率質(zhì)量比和扭矩慣量比、高起動轉(zhuǎn)矩、低慣量和較寬廣且平滑的調(diào)速范圍。特別是像機器人末端執(zhí)行器(手爪) 應(yīng)采用體積、質(zhì)量盡可能小的電動機,尤其是要求快速響應(yīng)時,伺服電動機必須具有較高的可靠性和穩(wěn)定性,并且具有較大的短時過載能力。這是伺服電動機在工業(yè)機器人中應(yīng)用的先決條件。機器人對關(guān)節(jié)驅(qū)動電機的主要要求規(guī)納如下:1)快速性。電動機從獲得指令信號到完成指令所要求的工作狀態(tài)的時間應(yīng)短。響應(yīng)指令信號的時間愈短,電伺服系統(tǒng)的靈敏性愈高,快速響應(yīng)性能愈好,一般是以伺服電動機的機電時間常數(shù)的大小來說明伺服電動機快速響應(yīng)的性能。2)起動轉(zhuǎn)矩慣量比大。在驅(qū)動負載的情況下,要求機器人的伺服電動機的起動轉(zhuǎn)矩大,轉(zhuǎn)動慣量小。3)控制特性的連續(xù)性和直線性,隨著控制信號的變化,電動機的轉(zhuǎn)速能連續(xù)變化,有時還需轉(zhuǎn)速與控制信號成正比或近似成正比。4)調(diào)速范圍寬。能使用于 1:1000～10000 的調(diào)速范圍。5)體積小、質(zhì)量小、軸向尺寸短。6)能經(jīng)受得起苛刻的運行條件,可進行十分頻繁的正反向和加減速運行,并能在短時間內(nèi)承受過載。目前,由于高起動轉(zhuǎn)矩、大轉(zhuǎn)矩、低慣量的交、直流伺服電動機在工業(yè)機器人中得到廣泛應(yīng)用,一般負載 1000N(相當 100kgf)以下的工業(yè)機器人大多采用電伺服驅(qū)動系統(tǒng)。所采用的關(guān)節(jié)驅(qū)動電動機主要是 C 伺服電動機,步進電動機和 DC 伺服電動機。其中,交流伺服電動機、直流伺服電動機、直接驅(qū)動電動機(DD)均采用位置閉環(huán)控制 ,一般應(yīng)用于高精度、高速度的機器人驅(qū)動系統(tǒng)中。步進電動機驅(qū)動系統(tǒng)多適用于對精度、速度要求不高的小型簡易機器人開環(huán)系統(tǒng)中。交流伺服電動機由于采用電子換向,無換向火花,在易燃易爆環(huán)境中得到了廣泛的使用。機器人關(guān)節(jié)驅(qū)動電動機的功率范圍一般為 0.1～10kW。工業(yè)機器人驅(qū)動系統(tǒng)中所采用的電動機,大致可細分為以下幾種:(1)交流伺服電動機包括同步型交流伺服電動機及反應(yīng)式步進電動機等。(2)直流伺服電動機包括小慣量永磁直流伺服電動機、印制繞組直流伺服電動機、大慣量永磁直流伺服電動機、空心杯電樞直流伺服電動機。(3) 步進電動機 包括永磁感應(yīng)步進電動機。速度傳感器多采用測速發(fā)電機和旋轉(zhuǎn)變壓器;位置傳感器多用光電碼盤和旋轉(zhuǎn)變壓器。近年來,國外機器人制造廠家已經(jīng)在使用一種集光電碼盤及旋轉(zhuǎn)變壓器功能為一體的混合式光電位置傳感器,伺服電動機可與位置及速度檢測器、制動器、減速機構(gòu)組成伺服電動機驅(qū)動單元機器人驅(qū)動系統(tǒng)要求傳動系統(tǒng)間隙小、剛度大、輸出扭矩高以及減速比大,常用的減速機構(gòu)有:1)RV 減速機構(gòu);2)諧波減速機械;3)擺線針輪減速機構(gòu);4)行星齒輪減速機械;5)無側(cè)隙減速機構(gòu);6)蝸輪減速機構(gòu);7)滾珠絲杠機構(gòu);8)金屬帶/齒形減速機構(gòu);9)球減速機構(gòu)。(二 )肥城礦業(yè)集團公司機械廠實習公司始建于 1959 年,至今已有 47 年的機械、電器制修歷史。廠區(qū)占地面積 14 萬平米,廠房建筑面積 6.5 萬平米,固定資產(chǎn)8600 萬元,機電設(shè)備 800 余臺(套),其中大型、精密、稀有設(shè)備 50 臺(套) 。現(xiàn)有員工千余人 ,工程技術(shù)人員 140 余人,其中中高級技術(shù)人員80 余人,具有較強的設(shè)計開發(fā)、加工制造、計量檢驗和經(jīng)營管理能力,設(shè)有鋼結(jié)構(gòu)、鍛造、鉚焊、機加工、礦修、動力、電器制修、汽車大修中心等九個生產(chǎn)車間。2005 年完成工業(yè)總產(chǎn)值 1.4 億元,實現(xiàn)銷售收 1.3 億元。具備了精密度較高的機械加工和制造能力。主要設(shè)備有:立式加工中心、臥式加工中心、數(shù)控龍門銑鏜床、數(shù)控刨臺式銑鏜床、數(shù)控弧齒錐齒銑齒機、數(shù)控插齒機、滾齒機、熱處理箱式多用爐機組、數(shù)控切割機、龍門刨床、2.5 米立式車床、落地數(shù)顯鏜床及一批通用設(shè)備。主要產(chǎn)品有:液壓支架、掘進機、采煤機、帶式輸送機、刮板輸送機、電機車、礦車、耙斗裝巖機、調(diào)度絞車、托輥、高低壓開關(guān)柜、煤礦提升設(shè)備(罐籠、箕斗等 )、治水設(shè)備。自行開發(fā)研制的制漿機、彈簧清洗機、清淤機分別填補國內(nèi)空白和達到國內(nèi)先進水平。主要產(chǎn)品介紹:(1)液壓支架是以高壓液體作為動力,由液壓元件與金屬構(gòu)件組成的支護和控制頂板的設(shè)備,它能實現(xiàn)支撐、切頂、移架和推移輸送機等一整套工序。液壓支架在工作過程中,必須具備升、降、推、移四個基本動作,這些動作利用泵站供給的高壓乳化液通過工作性質(zhì)不同的幾個液壓缸來完成。1.升柱當需要支架上升支護頂板時,高壓乳化液進入立柱的活塞腔,另一腔回液,推動活塞上升,使與活塞桿相連接的頂梁緊緊接觸頂板。2.降柱當需要降柱時,高壓液進入立柱的活塞桿腔,另一腔回液,迫使活塞桿下降,于是頂梁脫離頂板。3.支架和輸送機前支架和輸送機的前移,都是由底座上的推移千斤頂來完成的。當需要支架前前移時,先降柱卸載,然后高壓液進入推移千斤頂?shù)幕钊麠U腔,另一腔回液,以輸送機為支點,缸體前移,把整個支架拉向煤壁;當需要推輸送機時,支架支撐頂板后,高壓液進入推移千斤頂?shù)幕钊?另一腔回液,以支架為支點,使活塞桿伸出,把輸送機推向煤壁。不管型式如何,所有液壓支架都包括頂梁、底座、n 根立柱和控制系統(tǒng)。(一) 頂梁頂梁尺寸在 1.61——9.4m2 范圍內(nèi),而在讓壓時的頂梁最大壓力約為 4.2——33.2kg/cm2。節(jié)式支架的頂梁可能是任何一種型式的,但矩形是最普遍的。節(jié)式支架遮蓋工作面頂板面積小于 70%。垛式支架的頂梁一般是實芯件,為適應(yīng)頂板的臺階下沉或空頂而采用鉸接方式。發(fā)現(xiàn)實芯頂梁與頂板保持的接觸面積只有 41%;當使用鉸接頂梁時,接觸面積可增大到平均為 68%。垛式支架的頂梁尺寸在 1.9——3.87m2 范圍內(nèi),再讓壓時提供 7——35kg/cm2 的承載壓力。使用垛式支架的整個支護面積通常達到工作面面積的 85——90%。掩護支架的頂梁尺寸在 2.6——4.2m2 范圍內(nèi),平均面積為 3.2m2,再讓壓的平均承載壓力小于 28kg/cm2。掩護支架遮蓋了整個工作面頂板。(二) 底座底座可用任何規(guī)格的。一般用于節(jié)式支架的底座分為兩半部分,而垛式和掩護式支架使用整體底座。整體底座具有更好的穩(wěn)定性。每個底座都有滑板;最通用的設(shè)計有一塊后滑板和一塊對半開的前滑板。(三) 立柱(活柱)支架立柱孔徑介于 10——30cm 間,這和液壓泵的工作壓力有關(guān)。當升柱頂上頂板時,對頂板施加的總壓力 P=Pi**n 此后,當頂板下沉時迫使立柱回縮,于是柱內(nèi)的液壓增大。為防止活柱一直降到缸底和出現(xiàn)“壓死”現(xiàn)象,每架裝有由彈簧調(diào)定的過載安全閥。當柱內(nèi)液壓增大到一定水平時,過載安全閥將自動開啟并逐步卸載。過載安全閥將開啟的這一壓力叫做屈服壓力;在頂板上施加相應(yīng)的載荷叫做額定工作阻力。大多數(shù)支架的能力都設(shè)計成與額定工作阻力相一致。(四) 液壓動力的供應(yīng)用于液壓支架有四種液壓液:(1)5%的水包油乳化液;(2)40%的油包水乳化液;(3)50%的乙二醇水基液體;(4) 精煉的石油及潤滑油。對液壓支架液壓液的主要要求是成本低、粘度低、阻燃,與空氣基礎(chǔ)時抗化學性能好等。而且,液體應(yīng)能有效地防止起泡,因為截留的空氣不僅在液體受壓時產(chǎn)生熱,而且在承壓下因氣泡破裂也會造成機械故障。為保護活動部件,潤滑和防腐措施也是重要的。(五) 控制系統(tǒng)支架可由不同的方式來控制:(1) 人工單架控制 ;(2)人工單架鄰架控制 ;(3)工作面上定點人工控制;(4) 順槽中自動控制。用于早期設(shè)計中的第一種控制法在安全上有一些難題。第二種方法得到十分普遍地應(yīng)用。第三種方法正在越來越流行也跟更安全。第四種方法只有采煤機全自動化作業(yè)時才可能得到應(yīng)用。六、畢業(yè)實習心得通過畢業(yè)實習,使我們了解機械產(chǎn)品、零部件設(shè)備的特點、適用范圍、結(jié)構(gòu)特點以及零部件的工藝,提高對機械產(chǎn)品設(shè)計的認識,加深產(chǎn)品設(shè)計加工技術(shù)在工業(yè)各領(lǐng)域應(yīng)用的感性認識,同時提高我們對設(shè)計加工方法、手段的認識,對新款軟件應(yīng)用有了更深一步地了解。通過參觀機床設(shè)備展覽會和現(xiàn)場參觀實習,對現(xiàn)代加工方法有了一定的認識,與傳統(tǒng)的加工方法相比,提高了加工生產(chǎn)效率,大大減少了勞動力,減輕了勞動工人的作業(yè)強度。也讓我們真正認識到科學技術(shù)是第一生產(chǎn)力的重要性。開闊了我們的視野,使我們的思想從課本上的理論知識,逐步與實際的生產(chǎn)技術(shù)結(jié)合起來。也使我們對課本一些比較模糊的概念、抽象的原理有了一個嶄新的認識和理解。使我們對以往所學的知識有了更進一步的鞏固,對以前沒接觸過的知識有了深刻地了解,讓我們對所設(shè)計的課程的具體結(jié)構(gòu)有了深入認識。通過現(xiàn)場實習,進一步鞏固和深化所學的理論知識,培養(yǎng)了我們的實際設(shè)計水平和獨立的設(shè)計能力和對輔助軟件的應(yīng)用,增強了我們的社會責任感和做事謹慎態(tài)度。也親身體會到,工人師傅們對待工作一絲不茍的精神,就如同我們應(yīng)該對待學習一樣,容不得半點虛的,特別是我們學工科,知識的掌握不允許有一點馬虎,否則,后果不堪設(shè)想。同時,我們對機械發(fā)展的新領(lǐng)域有了全新的概念,使我們有了自己的發(fā)展方向?？傊?畢業(yè)實習使我們受益匪淺。萬方科技學院外文翻譯專業(yè)：機械設(shè)計制造及自動化班級：08 機制 3 班姓名：沈金濤學號：0828070170 指導老師：明平美2Numerical control technology and equipping development trend and countermeasureEquip the engineering level, level of determining the whole national economy of the modernized degree and modernized degree of industry, numerical control technology is it develop new developing new high-tech industry and most advanced industry to equip (such as information technology and his industry, biotechnology and his industry, aviation, spaceflight, etc. national defense industry) last technology and getting more basic most equipment. Marx has ever said "the differences of different economic times do not lie in what is produced, and lie in how to produce, produce with some means of labor ". Manufacturing technology and equipping the most basic means of production are the mankind produced the activity, and numerical control technology is nowadays advanced manufacturing technology and equips the most central technology. Nowadays the manufacturing industry all around the world adopts numerical control technology extensively; in order to improve manufacturing capacity and level, improve the adaptive capacity and competitive power to the changeable market of the trends. In addition every industrially developed country in the world also classifies the technology and numerical control equipment of numerical control as the 3strategic materials of the country, not merely take the great measure to develop one's own numerical control technology and industry, and implement blockading and restrictive policy to our country in view of " high-grade, precision and advanced key technology of numerical control " and equipping. In a word, develop the advanced manufacturing technology taking numerical control technology as the core and already become every world developed country and accelerate economic development in a more cost-effective manner, important way to improve the overall national strength and national position. Numerical control technology is the technology controlled to mechanical movement and working course with digital information, integrated products of electro mechanics that the numerical control equipment is the new technology represented by numerical control technology forms to the manufacture industry of the tradition and infiltration of the new developing manufacturing industry, namely the so-called digitization is equipped, its technological range covers a lot of fields: (1)Mechanical manufacturing technology; (2)Information processing, processing, transmission technology; (3)Automatic control technology; (4)Servo drive technology; (5)Technology of the sensor; (6)Software engineering ,etc..Development trend of a numerical control technologyThe application of numerical control technology has not only brought the revolutionary change to manufacturing 4industry of the tradition, make the manufacturing industry become the industrialized symbol , and with the constant development of numerical control technology and enlargement of the application, the development of some important trades (IT , automobile , light industry , medical treatment ,etc. ) to the national economy and the people's livelihood of his plays a more and more important role, because the digitization that these trades needed to equip has already been the main trend of modern development. Numerical control technology in the world at present and equipping the development trend to see, there is the following several respect [1- ] in its main research focus. 1 A high-speed, high finish machining technology and new trend equippedThe efficiency, quality are subjavanufacturing technology. High-speed, high finish machining technology can raise the efficiency greatly, improve the quality and grade of the products, shorten production cycle and improve the market competitive power. Japan carries the technological research association first to classify it as one of the 5 great modern manufacturing technologies for this, learn (CIRP) to confirm it as the centre in the 21st century and study one of the directions in international production engineering. In the field of car industry, produce one second when beat such as production of 300,000 / vehicle per year, and many 5variety process it is car that equip key problem that must be solved one of; In the fields of aviation and aerospace industry, spare parts of its processing are mostly the thin wall and thin muscle, rigidity is very bad, the material is aluminum or aluminum alloy, only in a situation that cut the speed and cut strength very small high, could process these muscles, walls. Adopt large-scale whole aluminum alloy method that blank " pay empty " make the wing recently, such large-scale parts as the fuselage ,etc. come to substitute a lot of parts to assemble through numerous rivet , screw and other connection way, make the intensity , rigidity and dependability of the component improved. All these, to processing and equipping the demand which has proposed high-speed, high precise and high flexibility. According to EMO2001 exhibition situation, high-speed machining center is it give speed can reach 80m/min is even high , air transport competent speed can up to 100m/min to be about to enter. A lot of automobile factories in the world at present, including Shanghai General Motors Corporation of our country, have already adopted and substituted and made the lathe up with the production line part that the high-speed machining center makes up. HyperMach lathe of U.S.A. CINCINNATI Company enters to nearly biggest 60m/min of speed, it is 100m/min to be fast, the acceleration reaches 2g, the rotational speed of the main shaft has already reached 60 6000r/min. Processing a thin wall of plane parts, spend 30min only, and same part general at a high speed milling machine process and take 3h, the ordinary milling machine is being processed to need 8h; The speed and acceleration of main shaft of dual main shaft lathes of Germany DMG Company are up to 120000r/mm and 1g. In machining accuracy, the past 10 years, ordinary progression accuse of machining accuracy of lathe bring 5μm up to from 10μm already, accurate grades of machining center from 3～5μm, rise to 1～1.5μm, and ultra precision machining accuracy is it enter nanometer grade to begin already (0.01μm). In dependability, MTBF value of the foreign numerical control device has already reached above 6 000h, MTBF value of the servo system reaches above 30000h, demonstrate very high dependability . In order to realize high-speed, high finish machining, if the part of function related to it is electric main shaft, straight line electrical machinery get fast development, the application is expanded further. 1.2 Link and process and compound to process the fast development of the lathe in 5 axes Adopt 5 axles to link the processing of the three-dimensional curved surface part, can cut with the best geometry form of the cutter , not only highly polished, but 7also efficiency improves by a large margin . It is generally acknowledged, the efficiency of an 5 axle gear beds can equal 2 3 axle gear beds, is it wait for to use the cubic nitrogen boron the milling cutter of ultra hard material is milled and pared at a high speed while quenching the hard steel part, 5 axles link and process 3 constant axles to link and process and give play to higher benefit. Because such reasons as complicated that 5 axles link the numerical control system , host computer structure that but go over, it is several times higher that its price links the numerical control lathe than 3 axles , in addition the technological degree of difficulty of programming is relatively great, have restricted the development of 5 axle gear beds. At present because of electric appearance of main shaft, is it realizes 5 axle complex main shaft hair structure processed to link greatly simplify to make, it makes degree of difficulty and reducing by a large margin of the cost and the price disparity of the numerical control system shrinks. So promoted 5 axle gear beds of head of complex main shaft and compound to process the development of the lathe (process the lathe including 5). At EMO2001 exhibition, new Japanese 5 of worker machine process lathe adopt complex main shaft hair, can realize the processing of 4 vertical planes and processing of the wanton angle, make 5 times process and 5 axles are processed and can 8be realized on the same lathe, can also realize the inclined plane and pour the processing of the hole of awls. Germany DMG Company exhibits the DMUVoution series machining center, but put and insert and put processing and 5 axles 5 times to link and process in once, can be controlled by CNC system or CAD/CAM is controlled directly or indirectly. 1.3 Become the main trend of systematic development of contemporary numerical control intelligently, openly, networked.The numerical control equipment in the 21st century will be sure the intelligent system, the intelligent content includes all respects in the numerical control system: It is intelligent in order to pursue the efficiency of processing and process quality, control such as the self-adaptation of the processing course, the craft parameter is produced automatically; Join the convenient one in order to improve the performance of urging and use intelligently, if feed forward control , adaptive operation , electrical machinery of parameter , discern load select models , since exactly makes etc. automatically; The ones that simplified programming , simplified operating aspect are intelligent, for instance intelligent automatic programming , intelligent man-machine interface ,etc.; There are content of intelligence diagnose , intelligent monitoring , diagnosis convenient to be systematic and maintaining ,etc..9Produce the existing problem for the industrialization of solving the traditional numerical control system sealing and numerical control application software. A lot of countries carry on research to the open numerical control system at present, such as NGC of U.S.A. (The Next Generation Work-Station/Machine Control), OSACA of European Community (Open System Architecture for Control within Automation Systems), OSEC (Open System Environment for Controller) of Japan, ONC (Open Numerical Control System) of China, etc... The numerical control system melts to become the future way of the numerical control system open. The so-called open numerical control system is the development of the numerical control system can be on unified operation platform, face the lathe producer and end user, through changing, increasing or cutting out the structure target(numerical control function), form the serration, and can use users specially conveniently and the technical know-how is integrated in the control system, realize the open numerical control system of different variety , different grade fast, form leading brand products with distinct distinction. System structure norm of the open numerical control system at present, communication norm, disposing norm, operation platform, numerical control systematic function storehouse and numerical control systematic function software development, etc. are the core of present research. 10The networked numerical control equipment is a new light spot of the fair of the internationally famous lathe in the past two years. Meeting production line , manufacture system , demand for the information integration of manufacturing company networked greatly of numerical control equipment, realize new manufacture mode such as quick make , fictitious enterprise , basic Entrance that the whole world make too. Some domestic and international famous numerical control lathes and systematic manufacturing companies of numerical control have all introduced relevant new concepts and protons of a machine in the past two years, if in EMO2001 exhibition, " Cyber Production Center " that the company exhibits of mountain rugged campstool gram in Japan (Mazak) (intellectual central production control unit, abbreviated as CPC); The lathe company of Japanese big Wei (Okuma ) exhibits " IT plaza " (the information technology square , is abbreviated as IT square ); Open Manufacturing Environment that the company exhibits of German Siemens (Siemens ) (open the manufacturing environment, abbreviated as OME),etc., have reflected numerical control machine tooling to the development trend of networked direction. 1.4 Pay attention to the new technical standard, normal setting-up1.4.1 Design the norm of developing about the numerical control system 11As noted previously, there are better common ability, flexibility, adaptability, expanding in the open numerical control system, such countries as U.S.A. ,European Community and Japan ,etc. implement the strategic development plan one after another , carry on the research and formulation of the systematic norm (OMAC , OSACA , OSEC ) of numerical control of the open system structure, 3 biggest economies in the world have carried on the formulation that nearly the same science planned and standardized in a short time, have indicated a new arrival of period of change of numerical control technology. Our country started the research and formulation of standardizing the frame of ONC numerical control system of China too in 2000. 1.4.2 about the numerical control standard The numerical control standard is a kind of trend of information-based development of manufacturing industry. Information exchange among 50 years after numerical control technology was born was all because of ISO6983 standard, namely adopt G, M code describes how processes, its essential characteristic faces the processing course, obviously, he can't meet high-speed development of modern numerical control technology's needs more and more already. For this reason, studying and making a kind of new CNC system standard ISO14649 (STEP-NC) in the world, its purpose is to offer a kind of neutral mechanism not depending on the concrete system, can 12describe the unified data model in cycle of whole life of the products, thus realize the whole manufacture process, standardization of and even each industrial field product information. The appearance of STEP-NC may be a revolution of the technological field of the numerical control, on the development and even the whole manufacturing industry of numerical control technology, will exert a far-reaching influence. First of all, STEP-NC puts forward a kind of brand-new manufacture idea, in the traditional manufacture idea, NC processes the procedures to all concentrate on individual computer. Under the new standard, NC procedure can be dispersed on Internet; this is exactly a direction of open, networked development of numerical control technology. Secondly, STEP-NC numerical control system can also reduce and process the drawing (about 75%), process the procedure to work out the time (about 35%) and process the time (about 50%) greatly. At present, American-European countries pay much attention to the research of STEP-NC, Europe initiates IMS plan (1999.1.1-2001.12.3) of STEP-NC. 20 CAD/CAM/CAPP/CNC users, manufacturers and academic organizations from Europe and Japan participated in this plan. STEP Tools Company of U.S.A. is a developer of the data interchange software of manufacturing industry in the global range, he has already developed the 13super model (Super Model ) which accuses of information exchange of machine tooling by counting, its goal is to describe all processing courses with the unified norm. Such new data interchange form has already been verified in allocating the SIEMENS, FIDIA and European OSACA-NC numerical control at present. 2 pairs of basic estimations of technology and industry development of numerical control of our country The technology of numerical control of our country started in 1958, the development course in the past 50 years can roughly be divided into 3 stages: The first stage is from 1958 to 1979, namely closed developing stage. In this stages, because technology of foreign countries blockade and basic restriction of terms of our country, the development of numerical control technology is comparatively slow. During "Sixth Five-Year Plan Period" , " the Seventh Five-Year Plan Period” of the country in second stage and earlier stage in " the Eighth Five-Year Plan Period ", namely introduce technology, digest and assimilate, the stage of establishing the system of production domesticization arising tentatively. At this stage , because of reform and opening-up and national attention , and study the improvement of the development environment and international environment, research , development and all making considerable progress in production domesticization of the products of the technology of numerical 14control of our country. The third stage is during the "Ninth Five-Year Plan Period" on the later stage in "the Eighth Five-Year Plan Period" of the country, namely implement the research of industrialization, and enter market competition stage. At this stage, it made substantive progress in industrialization of the domestic numerical control equipment of our country. In latter stage for "the Ninth Five-Year Plan ", the domestic occupation rate of market of the domestic numerical control lathe is up to 50%, it is up to 10% too to mix the domestic numerical control system (popular). Make a general survey of the development course in the past 50 years of technology of numerical control of our country, especially through tackling key problems of 4 Five-Year Plans, all in all has made following achievements. a. Have established the foundation of the technical development of numerical control, has mastered modern numerical control technology basically. Our country has already, the numerical control host computer, basic technology of special plane and fittings grasped and driven from the numerical control system and survey basically now, among them most technology have already possessed and commercialized the foundation developed, some technology has already, industrialization commercialized. b. Have formed the industrial base of numerical control tentatively. In tackling key problems the foundation that the 15achievement and some technology commercialize, set up the systematic factories of numerical control with production capacity in batches such as numerical control in Central China, numerical control of the spaceflight etc... Electrical machinery plant of Lanzhou, such factory and the first machine tool plant of Beijing , the first machine tool plant of Jinan ,etc. several numerical control host computer factories of a batch of servo systems and servo electrical machineries as the numerical control in Central China, etc.. These factories have formed the numerical control industrial base of our country basically. c. Have set up a numerical control research, development, managerial talent's basic team. Though has made considerable progress in research and development and industrialization of numerical control technology, but we will realize soberly, the research and development of the technology of advanced numerical control of our country, especially there is greater disparity in current situation and current demand of our country of engineering level in industrialization. Though very fast from watching the development of our country vertically, have disparity horizontally more than (compare foreign countries with) not merely engineering level, there is disparity too in development speed in some aspects, namely the engineering level disparity between some high-grade , precision and 16advanced numerical control equipment has the tendency to expand . Watch from world, estimate roughly as follows about the engineering level of numerical control of our country and industrialization level. a. On the engineering level, in probably backward 10-1 years with the