直齒圓柱齒輪誤差測量裝置設計【說明書+CAD+SOLIDWORKS】,說明書+CAD+SOLIDWORKS,圓柱齒輪,誤差,測量,丈量,裝置,設計,說明書,仿單,cad,solidworks 直齒圓柱齒輪誤差測量裝置的設計 齒輪是各種機械設備中經常用到的一種重要的傳動零件。由于科學技術和生產的發(fā)展，對其工作精度的要求也愈來愈高，為此，對齒輪這一傳動件的設計、制造和測試等提出了更高的要求。由于漸開線圓柱齒輪具有許多優(yōu)點，所以，在齒輪傳動中用的十分廣泛，因此對其漸開線是否合格的檢測就顯得很重要，漸開線齒輪齒形誤差的測量對象是齒輪的齒廓，研究齒輪漸開線檢查儀的檢查結果，對提高工廠齒輪生產有很大的影響。 漸開線圓柱齒輪作為目前用途最廣、種類最多的齒輪，檢測該種齒輪誤差的機械展成式儀器較多，這類儀器通常采用電動記錄器在記錄紙上輸出齒輪誤差曲線圖，再由人工實現(xiàn)誤差判斷，給齒輪檢測帶來不便。為了實現(xiàn)齒輪誤差測量數(shù)據(jù)的計算和計算機自動處理，提高檢測效率，擬開發(fā)一套漸開線圓柱齒輪齒形誤差檢測裝置。齒輪的應用有著悠久的歷史,而齒輪的科學研究卻始于17世紀M·Camus發(fā)現(xiàn)齒輪傳動的節(jié)點原理;?1765年,?L·Euler將漸開線齒形引入齒輪 ,100多年后,Fellows等人應用范成法高效地生產出漸開線齒輪, 從此漸開線齒輪得到了廣泛應用。由于制造與安裝等方面的原因, 實際齒輪總是存在著誤差。這種誤差對傳動系統(tǒng)的精與動態(tài)特性(特別是振動與噪聲)有直接的影響。因此,如何表征、測量、分析、利用和控制齒輪誤差一直是不斷探索的課題。齒輪測量的基礎是齒輪精度理論。輪測量技術的發(fā)展歷程是以齒輪精度理論的發(fā)展為前提的。齒輪精度理論的發(fā)展實質上反映了人們對齒輪誤差認識的深化。迄今 ,齒輪精度理論經歷了齒輪誤差幾何學理論、齒輪誤差運動學理論和齒輪誤差動力學理論的發(fā)展過程。其中,齒輪誤差動力學理論還處在探索中。第一種理論將齒輪看作純幾何體,認為齒輪是一些空間曲面的組合,任一曲面都可由三維空間中點的坐標來描述,實際曲面上點的位置和理論位置的偏差即為齒輪誤差。第二種理論將齒輪看作剛體,認為齒輪不僅僅是幾何體,也是個傳動件,并認為齒輪誤差在嚙合運動中是通過嚙合線方向影響傳動特性,因此嚙合運動誤差反映了齒面誤差信息。第三種理論將齒輪看作彈性體,對齒廓進行修形,“有意地”引入誤差,用于補償輪齒承載后的彈性變形,從而獲取最佳動態(tài)性能,由此形成了齒輪動態(tài)精度的新概念。齒輪精度理論的發(fā)展,導致了齒輪精度標準的不斷豐富和更新,如傳動誤差、設計齒廓的引入等。反過來,齒輪測量技術的發(fā)展也為齒輪精度理論的應用和齒輪標準貫徹提供了技術支撐。齒輪測量技術及其儀器的研發(fā)已有近百年的歷史。 ? 我們的指導思想就是經過此設計，培養(yǎng)自己理論聯(lián)系實際的作風，嚴謹?shù)目茖W態(tài)度和獨立分析解決問題的能力，并對所學理論知識進行一次系統(tǒng)的回顧，通過調研、查資料，提出解決一個工程問題的方案，受到從理論到實踐應用的基本訓練，為畢業(yè)后干好工作打下良好的基礎。目前，漸開線圓柱齒輪齒形誤差的測量方法主要有標準設計齒形比較法、標準漸開線軌跡法和坐標測量法三類。標準設計齒形比較法是將被測實際齒形與標準設計齒形曲線進行比較而得到的齒形誤差的方法。該方法的主要問題在于：儀器的基準誤差、被測齒輪的安裝誤差以及圓盤的直徑尺寸等對測量結果影響較大。坐標測量法是將被測齒形上若干點的實際與理論坐標進行比較的一種方法。該方法的主要問題是計算繁瑣，特別是測點要求多，測點布置有特殊要求時數(shù)據(jù)處理工作量大。目前，漸開線圓柱齒輪齒形誤差的測量方法主要有標準設計齒形比較 法、標準漸開線軌跡法和坐標測量法三類。標準設計齒形比較法是將被測實際齒形與標準設計齒形曲線進行比較而得到的齒形誤差的方法。該方法的主要問題在于：儀器的基準誤差、被測齒輪的安裝誤差以及圓盤的直徑尺寸等對測量果影響較大。坐標測量法是將被測齒形上若干點的實際與理論坐標進行比較的一種方法。該方法的主要問題是計算繁瑣，特別是測點要求多，測點布置有特殊要求時數(shù)據(jù)處理工作量大。針對這些缺點，為實現(xiàn)檢測數(shù)據(jù)的自動化處理，提高檢測效率，節(jié)省人力資源和工作時間，齒輪測量技術的發(fā)展已有近百年的歷史。對應于齒輪測量技術，可將現(xiàn)代齒輪測量技術歸納為三種類型齒輪單項幾何形狀誤差測量技術；第二，齒輪綜合誤差測量技術和齒輪整體誤差測量技術。齒輪傳動是機械傳動中應用最廣泛的一種傳動形式,齒輪的精度是影響齒輪傳動使用性能的重要因素。漸開線圓柱齒輪是目前用途最廣的齒輪，也是種類最多得齒輪，很多中小型齒輪制造企業(yè)使用漸開線齒輪檢查儀檢測該種齒輪的齒形誤差。這類儀器通常采用電動記錄器在記錄紙上打印齒輪誤差曲線，再由人工進行誤差分析，判斷其誤差是符合要求，使得齒輪檢測十分不方便。實現(xiàn)檢測數(shù)據(jù)的自動化處理，提高檢測效率，節(jié)省人力資源和工作時間，本設計開發(fā)了一套漸開線圓柱齒輪齒形誤差檢測裝置。該裝置采用讀數(shù)百分表讀取數(shù)值，利用雙嚙原理進行齒形誤差合格行判斷，漸開線圓柱齒輪作為目前用途最廣、種類最多的齒輪，檢測該種齒輪的機械展成裝置較多，這類裝置通常采用電動記錄器在記錄紙上輸出齒輪誤差曲線圖，再由人工實現(xiàn)誤差判斷，給齒輪檢測帶來不便。為了實現(xiàn)齒輪誤差測量數(shù)據(jù)和計算機自動處理，提高檢測效率，為實現(xiàn)檢測數(shù)據(jù)的自動化處理，提高檢測效率，節(jié)省人力資源和工作時間，本設計開發(fā)了一套漸開線圓柱齒輪齒形誤差的新型測量裝置，即采用雙嚙原理：即一被測齒輪與一標準齒輪在無間隙嚙合的情況下做嚙合運動，測量其中心距的變動量。中心距的變動量即雙嚙綜合誤差，其雙嚙綜合誤差又是徑向跳動誤差、齒輪誤差、齒形誤差、齒后誤差的綜合結果，因此，本裝置的設計避免了單項誤差不合格而綜合誤差符合要求造成合格齒輪誤費的情況，還有用于生產一線的設備不能對環(huán)境有非?？量痰囊?，能應用于車間，實驗室等場合齒形誤差主要來源于齒輪加工機床的周節(jié)誤差， 刀具誤差以及加工中的振動。機床周期誤差主要是分度蝸桿本身的制造和安裝誤差引起的。有誤差的蝸桿在分度蝸輪的嚙合傳動中，將使蝸輪的轉動呈現(xiàn)以蝸桿沒轉一轉為周期的周期性不均勻，其不均勻性取決于蝸桿的頭數(shù)。一般機床分度蝸桿多采用單頭所以這種誤碼差在被加工齒輪每轉中的頻率就是分度蝸輪的齒數(shù)，它使?jié)u開線齒形上產生波度誤差。刀具的制造和安裝誤差（徑向跳動和軸向竄動）經常是齒形差的主要來源。就滾齒來說。幾乎滾刀上所有誤差參數(shù)都有影響被加工齒輪的齒形誤差。生產實踐表明， 齒數(shù)少的小齒輪，刀具誤差對齒形誤差的影響尤為突出。但對齒數(shù)較多的大齒輪，則機床誤差的影響往往占主導地位。加工的振動也將引起齒形誤差。特別是對高精度齒輪的加工不可忽視。由于以上三者的影響。會使切出的輪齒形狀發(fā)生誤差即實際得到的漸開線齒形如圖 2.1中的黑線所示（而其中的△是齒頂?shù)菇遣糠郑┧^漸開線齒形誤差就是指在齒輪的端截面上，齒形的工作部分（h）范圍內（齒頂?shù)估獠糠殖猓?，包容實際齒形距離為最小的兩條設計齒形（B、C）間的法向距離。設計齒形可以是修正的理論漸開線包括修緣齒形，突齒形等。工作齒形不是正確的漸開線時，則其嚙合點的運動理論上已不符合齒輪基本定律，即這時的瞬時傳動比將發(fā)生變化，所以齒形誤差會影響傳動的工作平穩(wěn)性。1923年，德國eiss公司在世界首次研制成功一種稱為“Tooth?Surface?Tester”的儀器，它實際上是機械展成式萬能漸開線檢查 [1]。在此基礎上經過改進，Zeiss公司于 1925年推出了實用性儀器，并投入市場。50年代初，機械展成式萬能螺旋線檢測儀的出現(xiàn) [2]，標志著全面控制齒輪質量成為現(xiàn)實。1965年英國研制出光柵式單嚙儀 [3]。1970年，以黃潼年為主的中國工程師研發(fā)的齒輪整體誤差測量技術，標志著運動幾何法 測量齒輪開始 [4]。1970年，美國Fellows公司在芝加哥博覽會展Microlog?50，標志著數(shù)控齒輪測量中心的開始 [5]。80年代末，日本大阪精機推出基于光學全息原理的非接觸齒面分析機FS—35，標志著齒輪非接觸測量法的開始 [6]齒輪測量技術的演變，整體上考察過去一個世紀里齒輪測量技術發(fā)展，主要表現(xiàn)在三個方面 1）在測量原理方面，實現(xiàn)了由“比較測量”到“嚙合運動測量”，直至“模型化測量”的發(fā)展。 2）在實現(xiàn)測量原理的技術手段上，歷經了“以機械為主”到“機電 結合”，直至當今的“光—機—電”與“信息技術”綜合集成的演變。 3）在測量結果的表述與利用方面，經歷了從“指示表加肉眼讀取”， 到“記錄器記錄加人工研判”，直至“計算機自動分析并將測量結果反饋到制造系統(tǒng)”的飛躍。機械展成式測量技術，20世紀70年代以前，齒輪測量原理主要以比較測量為主，其實質是相對測量。具體方式有兩種：一是將被測齒輪與一標準齒輪進行實物比較，從而得到各項誤差；二是展成測量法，就是將儀器的運動機構形成的標準特征線與被測齒輪的實際特征線作比較，來確定相應誤差；而精確的展成運動是借助一些精密機構來實現(xiàn)的 [8]。齒輪整體誤差測量技術，1970年是齒輪測量技術的轉折點。 齒輪整體誤差測量技術和齒輪測量機（中心）的出現(xiàn)解決了齒輪測量領域的一個難題，即在一臺儀器上快速獲取齒輪的全部誤差信息 [1970年，我國在齒輪測量技術方面取得突破，發(fā)明了基于“跳牙” 蝸桿的齒輪整體誤差測量原理。經過30多年的完善與推廣 [10]，這種起于漸開線圓柱齒輪測量的方法已成為傳動元件的運動幾何測量法 [11]。采用的標準元件也從蝸桿擴展到齒輪、齒條等。通過對傳統(tǒng)齒形誤差測量方法誤差來源多、測頭安裝調整誤差大等缺點進行分析,提出一種在19JC萬能工具顯微鏡上利用成像法實現(xiàn)漸開線圓柱直齒輪齒形誤差測量的新方法 [12]。積極采用齒輪國際標準?,采用先進的加工工藝?,如精滾工 藝、修磨齒形及改變刀具材料實現(xiàn)硬齒面剃齒等,使齒輪制造質量批量、穩(wěn)定地達到標準要求?,是我國重要的技術經濟政策 [13]。齒輪的制造質量對提高機械傳動系統(tǒng)的精度、壽命和降低噪聲十分重要。這里提出了采用虛擬儀器技術、計算機技術等與傳統(tǒng)齒輪檢測儀相結合而構建的一種先進的齒輪誤差檢測系統(tǒng),集先進的軟硬件技術、現(xiàn)代信號處理技術于一體,實現(xiàn)了誤差檢測的自動化、可視化、智能化,提高了檢測的精度和可靠性 [14]。隨著我國汽車摩托車制造業(yè)的迅速發(fā)展 X-Y Pneumatic manipulator is a automated devices that can mimic the human hand and arm movements to do something，aslo can according to a fixed procedure to moving objects or control tools. It can replace the heavy labor in order to achieve the production mechanization and automation, and can work in dangerous working X-Y environments to protect the personal safety, Therefore widely used in machine building, metallurgy, electronics, light industry and atomic energy sectors.o do something，aslo can according to a fixed procedure to moving objects or control tools. It can replace the heavy labor in order to achieve the production mechanization and automation, and can work in dangerous working X-Y environments to protect the personal safety, Therefore widely used in machine building, metallurgy, electronics, light industry and atomic energy sectors. This article is mainly of the pneumatic manipulator the overall design, and pneumatic design. This mechanism of manipulator includes cylinders and claws and connectors parts, it can move according to the due track on the movement of grabbing, carrying and unloading. The pneumatic part of the design is primarily to choose the right valves and design a reasonable pneumatic control loop, by controlling and regulating pressure, flow and direction of the compressed airo make it get the necessary strength, speed and changed the direction of movement in the prescribed procedure work. s.It can replace the heavy labor in order to achieve the production mechanization and automation, and can work in dangerous working environments to protect the personal safety, Therefore widely used in machine building, metallurgy, electronics, light industry and atomic .The principle, technical pare-maters, transmiting system and main parts structure of mincing ma-chine were introduced. The productingcapacity was analysed.Keywords Mincing machine Holds plate Cutting blade Transfer auger. This article is mainly of the pneumatic manipulator the overall design, and pneumatic design. This mechanism of manipulator includes cylinders and claws and connectors parts, it can move according to the due track on the movement of grabbing, carrying and unloading.X-Y The pneumatic part of the design is primarily to choose the right valves and design a reasonable pneumatic control loop, by controlling and regulating pressure, flow and direction of the compressed air to make it get the necessary strength, speed and changed the direction of movement in the prescribed procedure work. s. It can replace the heavy labor in order to achieve the production mechanization and automation, and can work in dangerous working gn, and pneumatic design. This mechanism of manipulator includes cylinders and claws and connectors parts, it can move according to the due track on the movement of grabbing, carrying and unloading. The pneumatic part of the design is primarily to choose the right valves and design a reasonable pneumatic control loop, by controlling and regulating pressure, flow and direction of the compressed air to make it get the necessary strength, speed and changed the direction of movement in the prescribed procedure work. s.It can replace the heavy labor in order to achieve the production mechanization and automation, and ca environments to protect the personal safety, Therefore widely used in machine building, metallurgy, electronics, light industry and atomic .The principle, technical pare-maters, transmiting system and main parts structure of mincing ma-chine were introduced. The productingcapacityrying and unloading. The pneumatic part of the design is primarily to choose the right valves and design a reasonable pneumatic control loop, by controlling and regulating pressure, flow and direction of the compressed air to make it get the necessary strength, speed and changed the direction of movement in the prescribed procedure work. s. It can replace the heavy labor in order to achieve the production mechanization and automation, and can work in dangerous working environments to protect the personal safety, Therefore widely used in machine building, metallurgy, electronics, light industry and atomic .The principle, technicalpare-maters,transmitingsystemwas analysed.Keywords Mincing machine Holds plate Cutting blade Transfer auger This paper discusses the meat processing machinery - crusher working principle, main technical parameters, transmission system, the typical parts of the structure design and production capacity analysis.umatic manipulator is a automated devices that can mimic the human hand and arm movements to do something，aslo can according to a fixed procedure to moving objects or control tools. It can replace the heavy labor in order to achieve the production mechanization and automation, and can work in dangerous working X-Y environments to protect the personal safety, Therefore widely used in machine building, metallurgy, electronics, light industry and atomic energy sectors. This article is mainly of the pneumatic manipulator the overall design, and pneumatic design. This mechanism of manipulator includes cylinders and claws and connectors parts, it can move according to the due track on the movement of grabbing, carrying and unloading. The pneumatic part of the design is primarily to choose the right valves and design a reasonable pneumatic control loop, by controlling and regulating pressure, flow and direction of the compressed air to make it get the necessary strength, speed and changed the direction of movement in the prescribed procedure work. s. It can replace the heavy labor in order to achieve the production mechanization and automation, and can work in dangerous working environments to protect the personal safety, Therefore widely used in machine building, metallurgy, electronics, light industry and atomic .The principle, technical pare-maters, transmiting system and main parts structure of mincing ma-chine were introduced. The productingcapacity was analysed.Keywords Mincing machine Holds plate Cutting blade Transfer auger This paper discusses the meat processing machinery - crusher working principle, main technical parameters, transmission system, the typical parts of the structure design and production capacity analysis.gn, and pneumatic design. This mechanism of manipulator includes cylinders and claws and connectors parts, it can move according to the due track on the movement of grabbing, carrying and unloading. The pneumatic part of the design is primarily to choose the right valves and design a reasonable pneumatic control loop, by controlling and regulating pressure, flow and direction of the compressed air to make it get the necessary strength, speed and changed the direction of movement in the prescribed procedure work.It can replace the heavy labor in ordeSmall twisted paper broken machine for ordinary home, not only can be used for minced meat, can also be used with crushed peanuts, crushed ice, spices and other foot .Small twisted paper broken machine for ordinary home, not only can be used for minced X-Y meat, can also be used with crushed peanuts, crushed ice, spices and other food, small power requirements, powered by the motor drive, reasonable structure design, can meet the family kitchen generally meat food consisting mainly of minced required. Key word: pneumatic manipulator；cylinder；pneumatic loop；Four degrees of freedom. 13