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1、1Unit 1 Automotive BasicsAutomobiles, trucks, and buses are essential forms of transportation. They are complex machines made up of many parts. These parts can be grouped into a number of systems. An understanding of how the system work will help you understand how the automobile works.轎車、卡車和客車是交通運(yùn)輸

2、的重要組成部分。它們都是由許多部件組成的復(fù)雜機(jī)器。這些部件可以歸類為汽車的幾個組成系統(tǒng)。了解這些各個小系統(tǒng)是如何工作的將有助于我們理解整個汽車系統(tǒng)是如何工作。An automobile can be divided into two basic parts: a body and a chassis. The body is the enclosure that houses the engine, passengers, and cargo. It is the part of the automobile that you see. The chassis is that part of

3、the automobile beneath the body.汽車可以分為兩個基本部分：車身和底盤。車身包圍發(fā)動機(jī)、乘客和行李，它是汽車你所看到的部分。而車身以下的部分就是底盤。1.1 THE BODY An automobile body is a sheet metal shell with windows, doors, a hood, and a trunk deck built into it. It provides a protective covering for the engine, passengers, and cargo. The body is designed

4、to keep passengers safe and comfortable. For example, insulation in the body reduces noise and protects against heat and cold. The body styling provides an attractive, colorful, modern appearance for the vehicle. It is streamlined to lessen wind resistance and to keep the car from swaying at driving

5、 speeds.轎車車身是一個鈑金件殼體，它上面有車窗、車門、發(fā)送機(jī)罩和行李艙門等部件，它給發(fā)動機(jī)、乘客和行李提供防護(hù)。車身設(shè)計(jì)來確保乘客乘坐的安全和舒適。比如：車身絕熱層可以減少噪音和抵御冷熱。車身造型設(shè)計(jì)使得汽車有一個華美、現(xiàn)代、吸引人的外觀。車身的流線型設(shè)計(jì)可以減少風(fēng)阻，防止汽車行馳過程中發(fā)生擺動。The automobile body has two basic parts-the upper body and the under body.車身有兩個基本部分-車身上部和車身下部。1.2 The chassis The chassis is an assembly of those s

6、ystems that are the major operating parts of a vehicle. The chassis includes everything except the body. The three important parts of the chassis are the frame, the engine, and the power train (also called the drive train). Each of these three parts is made up of a number of systems. A system is a m

7、echanical or electrical unit that performs a specific function. Thus, each system (such as steering, brake, or fuel) has a certain job to do in running a vehicle. We shall look at each of these parts and systems to see how they fit together to form the automobile chassis.底盤集中了汽車大部分的運(yùn)動組件，它包括除了車身以外的所有

8、部件。底盤有三個重要的系統(tǒng)：車架、發(fā)動機(jī)和傳動系統(tǒng)。這三個系統(tǒng)又都有許多個完成某一個特定功能的機(jī)械或電氣系統(tǒng)組成。為了保證汽車正常運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)，每個系統(tǒng)（比如：轉(zhuǎn)向、制動或燃油系統(tǒng)）都要實(shí)現(xiàn)一定的功能。下來我們看看這些系統(tǒng)和組件是如何相互連接從而組成汽車底盤的。1.2.1 The frame The first major part of the chassis is the frame. It is made from tough steel sections welded, riveted, or bolted together. The frame looks like a steel ladd

9、er, though it sometime has an X shape for extra strength. It forms a foundation for the car body and the parts of the several systems. The body is joined to the frame with bolts. Rubber shock mounts or washers are used at each joint. These reduce vibration and road noise. In most modern cars the fra

10、me is built into the body. A car with the frame built into the body has a unitized body or unibody. The frame supports the suspension system, steering system, and the braking system.底盤最重要的部分就是車架。車架由鋼件通過焊接、鉚接或螺栓聯(lián)接而成，看上去就像一架鋼梯。有時為了得到額外的強(qiáng)度，車架做成了 X 形狀。車架為車身和很多系統(tǒng)部件提供2了底座。車身和車架使用螺栓聯(lián)接。每個聯(lián)接使用橡膠防震支架或墊圈來減振降噪。

11、現(xiàn)代轎車車架和車身做在了一起。采用這個形式的汽車車身叫做承載式車身。車架支撐懸架、轉(zhuǎn)向和剎車系統(tǒng)。The front and rear wheels are attached to the chassis by a suspension system. This system is made up of springs, shock absorbers, control arms, and stabilizers. These support the vehicle and cushion it from road bumps for better ride and handling.前后輪通

12、過懸架系統(tǒng)和底盤相連。懸架系統(tǒng)由彈簧、減振器、控制臂和橫向穩(wěn)定桿組成。它們支撐著車身，并減緩由于路面不平引起的顛簸，以獲得更好的乘坐舒適性和操作穩(wěn)定性。The steering system controls the cars direction of travel. It includes a wheel and column, steering gears, rods, and linkages. As the steering wheel is turned, its motion is transferred to the idler arm and tie rods. These c

13、ause the front wheels to turn to the right of left. On some cars, a power unit (called power steering) makes steering easier.轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)控制車輛行馳的方向。它包括方向盤、轉(zhuǎn)向管柱、轉(zhuǎn)向器、轉(zhuǎn)向拉桿和轉(zhuǎn)向傳動裝置。當(dāng)轉(zhuǎn)動方向盤，方向盤的運(yùn)動被傳遞到隨動臂和橫拉桿，從而使得前輪向左或向右轉(zhuǎn)動。有些車輛使用助力轉(zhuǎn)向裝置，從而使得轉(zhuǎn)向更加輕便。The brake system gives the automobile its stopping power. Hydraulic br

14、akes are found on all modern cars. As the brake pedal is pushed with the foot, brake fluid is forced through brake lines into cylinders that press the brake shoes against a drum. This stops the motion of the car. Power units (power brakes) are used to make braking easier. Most modern cars have disc

15、brakes on the front wheels. (Some have them on both the front and rear wheels.) Disc brakes work like a pair of pliers squeezing a rotating disc. Drum brakes are also used.制動系統(tǒng)給車輛制動的動力?，F(xiàn)代轎車都使用液壓制動。當(dāng)踩下制動踏板，制動液通過制動管路流入制動缸，強(qiáng)迫制動蹄接觸制動鼓，從而阻止車輛運(yùn)動。為了使剎車更加輕便，車輛也使用助力制動?，F(xiàn)代轎車在前輪裝備盤式制動器。 （一些轎車在前后輪都使用盤式制動器。 ）盤式制動

16、器工作原理類似一對鉗子夾住旋轉(zhuǎn)的盤片。也有前后輪都使用鼓式制動器的汽車。1.2.2 The engine The engine provides power to move the automobile. The most common type of automobile engine is the gasoline-burning piston engine. It is found in most automobiles. Diesel-fuel burning engines are also used in modern passenger cars, as well as in l

17、arge trucks. All engines have fuel, exhaust, cooling, and lubrication systems. Gasoline engines also have an ignition system.發(fā)動機(jī)給汽車提供動力。最常見的發(fā)動機(jī)是汽油機(jī)。大多數(shù)汽車都使用它?，F(xiàn)代客車和大型卡車使用柴油機(jī)。所有的發(fā)動機(jī)都具有燃油、排放、冷卻和潤滑系統(tǒng)。汽油發(fā)動機(jī)還有一套點(diǎn)火系統(tǒng)。The ignition system supplies the electric spark needed to ignite the air-fuel mixture in t

18、he cylinders. When the ignition switch is turned on, current flows from the 12-volt storage battery to the ignition coil. The coil boosts the voltage to produce the strong spark of 20,000V needed to ignite the engine fuel. The distributor directs the electrical current to the right spark plug at the

19、 right time. Diesel engines use the heat caused by engine compression to ignite the fuel charge. These engines are called compression ignition engines.點(diǎn)火系統(tǒng)提供點(diǎn)燃?xì)飧變?nèi)油氣混和物的電火花。當(dāng)打開點(diǎn)火開關(guān)，電流從 12V 電池流向點(diǎn)火線圈。點(diǎn)火線圈升高電壓，產(chǎn)生用于點(diǎn)火的 20000V 尖峰電壓。分電器引導(dǎo)電流在正確的時刻流向正確的火花塞。柴油機(jī)使用壓縮發(fā)動機(jī)產(chǎn)生的熱量來點(diǎn)燃燃料，因此被稱為壓3燃式發(fā)動機(jī)。The automobile sup

20、plies all the electricity it needs through its electrical system. For example, the electrical system supplies electricity for the ignition, horn, lights, heater, and starter. The electricity level is maintained by a charging circuit. This circuit consists of the battery, alternator (or generator), a

21、nd the regulator. The battery stores electricity. The alternator changes the engines mechanical energy into electrical energy and recharge the battery. The regulator prevents damage to the system by regulating the maximum voltage in the circuit汽車通過自身的電氣系統(tǒng)給自身供電。比如：電氣系統(tǒng)給點(diǎn)火系統(tǒng)、喇叭、燈光、供暖系統(tǒng)和起動器供電。系統(tǒng)電壓通過充電系

22、統(tǒng)保持穩(wěn)定。充電系統(tǒng)由電池、發(fā)電機(jī)和調(diào)節(jié)器組成。電池儲存電能。發(fā)電機(jī)將發(fā)動機(jī)的機(jī)械能轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)殡娔?，并給電池充電。調(diào)節(jié)器調(diào)節(jié)電氣系統(tǒng)的最大電壓，提供過壓保護(hù)。The fuel system stores liquid fuel and delivers it to the engines. The fuel is stored in the tank, which is connected to a fuel pump by a fuel line. The fuel is pumped from the fuel tank through the fuel lines. It is forced

23、 through a filter (which removes moisture and dirt) into the carburetor, where it is mixed with air, or into the fuel injection system. The fuel is mixed with air to form a combustible mixture in the carburetor, the manifold, or the cylinders themselves.燃油系統(tǒng)儲存液態(tài)燃料，并且把燃料送至發(fā)動機(jī)。燃料儲存在通過油管與油泵連接的油箱里。油泵通過油

24、管將油箱內(nèi)的油泵出，并通過濾清器（去除濕氣和雜污）送達(dá)化油器與空氣混合或者噴油系統(tǒng)。燃油在化油器、歧管或氣缸自身內(nèi)與空氣混合，形成可燃混和物。The exhaust system has four jobs:1. To collect burned gases from the engines.2. To remove dangerous emission that pollutes the air.3. To reduce exhaust noises.4. To get rid of the exhaust gases.排放系統(tǒng)要實(shí)現(xiàn)四個功能：1、收集發(fā)動機(jī)的廢氣。2、去除污染空氣的排放物

25、。3、減少排放噪音。4、排出廢氣。Exhaust gases contain carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbons, and oxides of nitrogen. Since all of these are harmful, the exhaust system is designed to reduce them as much as possible. In the United Stares all modern automobiles have emission control systems.汽車廢氣包含一氧化碳，未燃燒的碳?xì)浠衔锖偷趸?/p>

26、合物。所有的這些都是有害的，排放系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)要盡可能多減少這些有害物質(zhì)。美國所有的現(xiàn)代車都配備了排放系統(tǒng)。The cooling system removes excessive heat from the engine. The temperature in engine combustion chambers is about 1094C. Since steel melts at around 1354C, this heat must be carried away to prevent engine damage. Air and a coolant are used to carry

27、away the heat. The radiator is filled with a coolant. The water pump circuits this coolant through the engine and the walls of the engine block and head. Heat also is removed by the radiator fan, which draws air through the narrow fins of the radiator. This system also supplies heat to the passenger

28、 compartment and the window defroster.冷卻系統(tǒng)去除發(fā)動機(jī)多余的熱量。發(fā)動機(jī)燃燒室的溫度可以達(dá)到 1094 攝氏度。鋼的熔點(diǎn)大約是 1354 攝氏度，發(fā)動機(jī)多余的熱量必須消除來防止發(fā)動機(jī)過熱?？諝夂屠鋮s劑用來帶走這個熱量。散熱器內(nèi)裝滿了冷卻劑。水泵使冷卻劑在發(fā)動機(jī)、發(fā)動機(jī)殼體和發(fā)動機(jī)蓋循環(huán)流動。也可以使用冷卻風(fēng)扇來降溫。冷卻風(fēng)扇將風(fēng)從散熱器狹窄的孔徑吹出，從而帶走熱量。這個系統(tǒng)可以給乘客艙和車窗除霜器提供熱量。The lubrication system is important in keeping the engine running smoothly.

29、 Motor oil is the 4lubricant used in the system. The lubrication system has four functions:1. It cuts down friction by coating moving parts with oil.2. It produces a seal between the piton rings and the cylinder walls.3. It carries away sludge, dirt, and acids.4. It cools the engine by circulating t

30、he motor oil.潤滑系統(tǒng)非常重要，它使得發(fā)動機(jī)平滑工作。潤滑系統(tǒng)使用機(jī)油作為潤滑劑。潤滑系統(tǒng)有四個功能：1、通過運(yùn)動部件油膜，它可以減小摩擦。 2、它在活塞環(huán)和氣缸壁之間產(chǎn)生油封。3、它可以帶走金屬碎屑、雜污和酸。4 、通過機(jī)油的循環(huán)，它可以冷卻發(fā)動機(jī)。To keep this system working effectively, oil filters and motor oil must be change regularly. All other moving parts in an automobile must also be lubricated. These incl

31、ude the transmission, differential, wheel bearings, and steering linkage.為了使得潤滑系統(tǒng)有效工作，機(jī)油濾清器和機(jī)油必須定期更換。汽車內(nèi)所有的運(yùn)動部件都必須要潤滑，這包括變速器、差速器、輪軸軸承和轉(zhuǎn)向傳動機(jī)構(gòu)。1.2.3 The power train The power train, or drive system, delivers power from the engine to the wheels. The power from the engine moves through the transmission.

32、 Transmissions are either standard, with a manual shift lever and foot clutch, or automatic.傳動系統(tǒng)將發(fā)動機(jī)動力傳給車輪。來自發(fā)動機(jī)的動力傳遞給變速器。變速器可以是一個帶手動換檔桿和離合器的手動變速器或者自動變速器。The transmission has gears that control the amount of power delivered to the wheels. The transmission increases the power (torque) to start the ca

33、r moving. This torque is reduced when the transmission changes gears at higher speeds. The transmission also contains a set of gears that can reverse the direction of the wheels. The transmission delivers the power to the differential. A drive (or propeller) shaft with universal joints at either end

34、 of the drive shaft allows axle movement of front-engine, rear-wheel drive cars. These flexible universal joint prevent the drive shaft from breaking. The differential delivers power to the wheels through axle. Certain gears allow one wheel to turn faster than the other wheel when the vehicle is tur

35、ning a corner.變速器使用齒輪來控制傳遞到車輪力矩的大小。當(dāng)車輛起步時，變速器增大扭矩。當(dāng)車速增大，變速器改變齒輪來減小扭矩。變速器還有一套使得車輪反向運(yùn)動的齒輪。變速器將扭矩傳遞給差速器。發(fā)動機(jī)前置后輪驅(qū)動轎車的驅(qū)動軸兩側(cè)裝有萬向節(jié)，可允許產(chǎn)生軸向運(yùn)動。萬向節(jié)防止驅(qū)動軸斷裂。差速器通過半軸將扭矩傳遞給車輪。當(dāng)車輛轉(zhuǎn)彎時，齒輪使得一側(cè)車輪比另一側(cè)車輪旋轉(zhuǎn)得更快。These are the basic systems of the automobile. Each of the systems is designed for a specific job.以上就是汽車的基本系統(tǒng)。每個

36、系統(tǒng)都為了一個專門的功能而設(shè)計(jì)。1 ExercisesThe automobiles further development will be determined by already existing and steadily increasing requirements, by additional further requirements and by the technical possibilities for meeting these requirements. The following focal points for development and research ef

37、forts can be discerned: 汽車的進(jìn)一步發(fā)展取決于已經(jīng)存在的、目前穩(wěn)定增長和未來的需求以及為了滿足這些需求的技術(shù)。下來給出發(fā)展研究的幾個要點(diǎn)：Further improvements of the automobile through products innovation in all classis functions, i. e. performance, fuel economy, environmental impact, safety, comfort and reliability.5Further development of new technologie

38、s such as electrics, alternative materials, new test and production methods.Long-range solutions for traffic problems such as highway congestion, smog in cities and carbon dioxide enrichment of our atmosphere.傳統(tǒng)功能的產(chǎn)品革新，比如：性能、燃油經(jīng)濟(jì)性、環(huán)境友好、安全、舒適性和可靠性。新技術(shù)的發(fā)展，比如：電氣、替代材料、新型測試和生產(chǎn)技術(shù)。解決交通問題的技術(shù)，比如：交通擁堵，城市煙霧和溫室

39、效應(yīng)。Unit2 Automotive engine2.1 Purpose and locations of engines The purpose of an automobile engine is to supply the power needed to move the vehicle. The engine produces this power by burning fuel inside it. Because the engine burns fuel inside, or internally, the engine is known as an internal comb

40、ustion engine (ICE).汽車發(fā)動機(jī)的功用是提供汽車行馳所需的動力。發(fā)動機(jī)通過發(fā)動機(jī)內(nèi)部燃燒燃料來產(chǎn)生這個動力。由于燃料燃燒在發(fā)動機(jī)內(nèi)部進(jìn)行，這種發(fā)動機(jī)被稱作內(nèi)燃機(jī)。Most automobile engines are located at the front of the vehicle. Many engines drive the rear wheels. This requires a long drive shaft extending from the front wheels to the rear wheels. Other engines drive the

41、front wheels. In the rear-wheel-drive arrangement, the engine sits longitudinally. Its long dimension is from front to back.對于大多數(shù)汽車，發(fā)動機(jī)布置在汽車前部。許多發(fā)動機(jī)驅(qū)動后輪，這就要求從前輪到后輪的長驅(qū)動軸。其余發(fā)動機(jī)驅(qū)動前輪。對于后輪驅(qū)動的汽車而言，發(fā)動機(jī)由前到后縱向布置。In the front-wheel-drive arrangement, the engine sits crosswise, transversely. With either arrang

42、ement, the power is carried to the drive wheels (rear or front) by gears and shafts.對于前輪驅(qū)動的布置，發(fā)動機(jī)橫置。無論哪種布置方式，能量都是通過齒輪和傳動軸傳到驅(qū)動輪（前輪或后輪） 。Some cars have the engine mounted in back of the front seat. This is called a mid-engine arrangement. Other cars have been built with the engine mounted at the rear,

43、 in back of rear seat. The Volkswagen “beettle” is an example of rear.有些汽車的發(fā)動機(jī)位于前排座椅的后面。這種布置被稱為發(fā)動機(jī)中置。還有些汽車的發(fā)動機(jī)位于后部，安置在后排座椅后面。大眾汽車的甲殼蟲就是發(fā)動機(jī)后置的一個例子。2.2 Engine types Various kinds of engine are used in automotive vehicles. The two major types are:The piston engine inwhich pistons move up and down, or r

44、eciprocate, in the engine cylinder. This is the engine used in all cares today, except for some models of Mazda.2. The Wankel rotary engine in which rotate, or spin. The Mazda Motor Corporation of Japan is the major manufacturer of this engine.汽車上使用著不同種類的發(fā)動機(jī)。它們可以分成兩大類：1、往復(fù)活塞式發(fā)動機(jī)：發(fā)動機(jī)在氣缸內(nèi)作上下往復(fù)運(yùn)動。除了馬自達(dá)

45、公司的幾款以外，現(xiàn)今幾乎全部轎車都采用這種發(fā)動機(jī)。2、轉(zhuǎn)子發(fā)動機(jī)：活塞在氣缸內(nèi)作旋轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動。日本的馬自達(dá)公司是這類發(fā)動機(jī)的主要生產(chǎn)商。There are two types of piston engines-spark ignition (SI) and compression ignition (CI). Spark-ignition engines use an electric system with spark plugs. Electric sparks at the spark plugs ignite, or set fire, the fuel in the engine cy

46、linders. The combustion of the fuel makes the engine run and produce power. This is the engine used in most produce power. This is the type of engine used in 6most automotive vehicles.活塞式發(fā)動機(jī)可以分為兩類：點(diǎn)燃式和壓燃式。點(diǎn)燃式發(fā)動機(jī)使用帶火花塞的點(diǎn)火系統(tǒng)?；鸹ㄈ碾娀鸹c(diǎn)燃發(fā)動機(jī)氣缸內(nèi)的燃料。燃料燃燒驅(qū)動發(fā)動機(jī)，并做功。這是大多數(shù)動力源采用的發(fā)動機(jī)，也是大多數(shù)汽車采用的發(fā)動機(jī)形式。The compressi

47、on-ignition engine uses the heat of compression to ignite the fuel.When air is compressed, it gets very hot. In the diesel engine, the air is compressed so much that its temperature goes up to 538 degrees Celsius or higher. The diesel fuel is sprayed into this very hot air and is ignited by the heat

48、. Some automobiles have diesel engines. Many heavy-duty trucks and buses are powered by diesel engines.壓燃式發(fā)動機(jī)使用壓縮產(chǎn)生的熱量來點(diǎn)燃燃料。當(dāng)空氣被壓縮，它可以達(dá)到非常高的溫度。對于柴油式發(fā)動機(jī)，壓縮空氣可以使得空氣溫度達(dá)到 538 度或者更高。此時，柴油被噴射到這熾熱的空氣中，被空氣的熱量點(diǎn)燃。一些轎車使用柴油發(fā)動機(jī)。重型卡車和客車普遍使用柴油發(fā)動機(jī)。There are other engines still in the experimental stage that might s

49、omeday become important. These include gas-turbine engines, steam engines, Stirling engines, and electric motors.還有一些目前尚且處于試驗(yàn)階段，但未來可能會非常重要的發(fā)動機(jī)，比如：燃?xì)鉁u輪機(jī)、蒸汽機(jī)、斯特靈發(fā)動機(jī)和電動機(jī)。2.3 Basic engine systems A spark-ignition engine requires four basic systems to run. Diesel engines requires three of these systems.

50、They are fuel system, ignition system (expect diesel), lubricating system and cooling system. Each performs a basic job in making the engine run. These are described briefly below.點(diǎn)燃式發(fā)動機(jī)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)需要 4 個基本系統(tǒng)，而柴油發(fā)動機(jī)需要 3 個基本系統(tǒng)。它們是燃油系統(tǒng)、點(diǎn)火系統(tǒng)（柴油發(fā)動機(jī)不需要） ，潤滑系統(tǒng)和冷卻系統(tǒng)。每個系統(tǒng)實(shí)現(xiàn)一個基本功能來使得發(fā)動機(jī)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。下文將簡短介紹這些系統(tǒng)。2.3.1 fuel system

51、 The fuel system supplies gasoline or diesel fuel to the engine. This fuel is mixed with air to make a combustible mixture (a mixture that will run). Each cylinder is repeatedly filled with the mixture. Then, the mixture is ignited or burned, producing high pressure. The high pressure makes the pist

52、on move (or rotors spin). This turns shafts that rotate the wheels, causing the vehicle to move.燃油系統(tǒng)給發(fā)動機(jī)提供汽油或柴油燃料。燃油與空氣混合形成可燃混合氣。發(fā)動機(jī)的每個氣缸重復(fù)充滿這種可燃混合氣，然后它們被點(diǎn)燃或壓燃，產(chǎn)生高壓。這個高壓使得發(fā)動機(jī)活塞運(yùn)動（或者轉(zhuǎn)子旋轉(zhuǎn)） ，驅(qū)動軸來旋轉(zhuǎn)車輪，從而使得汽車行駛。2.3.2 ignition system Every time the fuel system delivers air/fuel mixture to a cylinder, the

53、ignition system follows up by a delivering an electric spark. This ignite the mixture which creates the high pressure that moves the pistons and turns the car wheels. The action is repeated many times each second while the engine is running.每當(dāng)燃油系統(tǒng)將可燃混合氣送至氣缸，點(diǎn)火系統(tǒng)接著就發(fā)出電火花來點(diǎn)燃缸內(nèi)的可燃混合氣，從而產(chǎn)生高壓，使得活塞運(yùn)動和汽車行駛

54、。當(dāng)發(fā)動機(jī)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)時，每秒鐘要點(diǎn)火多次。The ignite system takes the low voltage of the battery and builds it up to a very high voltage: as high as 47,000 volts in some systems. This high voltage jumps the gaps in the spark plugs, producing the sparks that ignite the air/fuel mixture in the engine cylinders.點(diǎn)火系統(tǒng)將電池的低電壓升壓到

55、高壓。對于某些系統(tǒng)，可以達(dá)到 47000 伏。這個高壓擊穿火花塞間隙，產(chǎn)生電火花，點(diǎn)燃發(fā)動機(jī)氣缸內(nèi)的可燃混合氣。2.3.3 The lubricating system The engine has many moving metal parts. If metal parts rub 7against each other, they will wear rapidly.To prevent this, engines have lubricating oil. The oil gets between the metal parts so they slide on the oil, an

56、d not on each other.發(fā)動機(jī)有許多運(yùn)動金屬部件。如果這些金屬部件相互摩擦，那它們磨損就會很快。為了防止這種情況，發(fā)動機(jī)使用潤滑油。潤滑油在金屬部件之間，使得金屬部件在油膜上滑動，而不是彼此之間的摩擦。The lubricating system has an oil pan at the bottom of the engine which holds several quarts (liters) of oil. An oil pump, driven by the engine, sends oil from this reservoir through the engi

57、ne. After circulating through the engine, the oil drops back to the oil pan. The oil pump continues to circulate the oil as long as the engine is running.發(fā)動機(jī)潤滑系統(tǒng)在發(fā)動機(jī)底部有一個儲存幾升汽油的油底殼。由發(fā)動機(jī)驅(qū)動的油泵將油從油底殼泵到發(fā)動機(jī)循環(huán)流動。在發(fā)動機(jī)循環(huán)后，潤滑油流回到油底殼。只要發(fā)動機(jī)在運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)，油泵就始終使?jié)櫥脱h(huán)流動。2.3.4 Cooling system Where there is fire (combustion)

58、, there is heat. Burning of the air/fuel mixture raises the temperature inside the engine cylinders several thousand degrees. Some of this heat produces the high pressure that moves the pistons to produce power. Some of the heat leaves the cylinders with the exhaust gas. The exhaust gas is what is l

59、eft after the air/fuel mixture burns. It is cleared out of the cylinders after the combustion is complete.哪里有燃燒，哪里就有熱量?？扇蓟旌蠚獾娜紵沟冒l(fā)動機(jī)氣缸內(nèi)溫度上升數(shù)千度。部分熱量產(chǎn)生高壓來驅(qū)動活塞產(chǎn)生動力。部分熱量伴隨排放氣體被帶出氣缸。排放氣體指的是可燃混合氣燃燒后剩余物。當(dāng)燃燒結(jié)束，排放氣體被排出氣缸。Some of the heat is removed by the circulating oil. After the hot oil drops down into th

60、e oil pan, the oil gives up some of this heat to the air passing under the oil pan. The rest of the heat is removed by the cooling system.部分熱量被循環(huán)油帶走。當(dāng)溫度較高的油流回到油底殼，熱量通過油底殼下流動的空氣帶走。剩余的熱量就要使用冷卻系統(tǒng)來帶走。2.3.5 Other engine system An engine will run with the four basic systems described above-fuel, ignition,

61、 lubricating and cooling. However, three other related systems are also necessary. These are the exhaust system, the emission-control system, and the starting system.具備上述的燃油、點(diǎn)火、潤滑和冷卻系統(tǒng)，發(fā)動機(jī)就可以運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。但是，其余相關(guān)的 3個系統(tǒng)也是非常必需的。它們是排放系統(tǒng)、排放控制系統(tǒng)和啟動系統(tǒng)。The exhaust system reduces the noise of the burned gases leaving

62、the engine cylinders and carries these exhaust gases safely away from the people in the car. The emission-control system is required by law to reduce the air pollution the engine could produce. The starting system is needed to crank the engine. A battery provides the electric power to operate the st

63、arting motor and the ignition system during cranking.排放系統(tǒng)減少發(fā)動機(jī)氣缸可燃混合氣燃燒時的噪音，并且將廢氣安全帶走，使其遠(yuǎn)離車廂內(nèi)的人。排放控制系統(tǒng)是法律強(qiáng)制要求的，用來減少發(fā)動機(jī)產(chǎn)生的空氣污染。啟動系統(tǒng)是用來啟動發(fā)動機(jī)。啟動過程中，由電池給啟動電機(jī)和點(diǎn)火系統(tǒng)提供能量。2.4 Energy conversion The internal combustion engine is a device used to convert the chemical energy to the fuel (gasoline or diesel fuel

64、) into heat energy, and then to convert this heat energy into usable mechanical energy. This is achieved by combining the appropriate amounts of air and fuel, and burning the mixture in an enclosed cylinder at a controlled rate. A movable piston in the cylinder is forced down by the expanding gases

65、of combustion.8發(fā)動機(jī)是一個將燃料（汽油或柴油）的化學(xué)能轉(zhuǎn)化成熱能，再將熱能轉(zhuǎn)化成可利用的機(jī)械能的裝置。實(shí)現(xiàn)這個能量的轉(zhuǎn)化是通過混合適當(dāng)?shù)目諝夂腿加?，并在密封的氣缸?nèi)以一個可控的速率燃燒這個可燃混合氣來實(shí)現(xiàn)的。燃燒產(chǎn)生的膨脹氣體強(qiáng)迫氣缸內(nèi)的活塞運(yùn)動。An average air/fuel ratio for good combustion is about 15 parts of air to 1 part of fuel by weight. This means that for every gallon of gasoline burned, the oxygen is a

66、bout 9,000 to 10,000 gallons of air is required. Air is about 21% oxygen and 78% nitrogen.可燃燒良好的空燃比，按質(zhì)量大約是 15：1。這就意味著燃燒 1 加侖汽油需要的 9000 到10000 加侖的空氣里的氧氣。空氣大約有 21%的氧氣和 78%的氮?dú)?。Diesel engine operate on a much wider air/fuel ratio, since air intake is not regulated on most diesels. Ratios may range from about 20:1 to 100:1. The fact, plus the high compression of the diesel, makes it a very fuel efficient engine.由于大多數(shù)的柴油機(jī)并不控制進(jìn)氣，柴油機(jī)的空燃比范圍很寬，從 20：1 到 100：1。再加上柴油混合氣具有